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让大树成为随时可用的“充电宝”

2017-09-06 15:06:48   中国青年网

树干上测出最高500毫伏电压

在李文彬和高林两位指导老师的支持下,李伟林和伙伴们的研究开始了。尽管此前的科学研究已经证实了“植物电”的存在,但要“取电”就必须了解树木带电的具体特点,包括数量级、变化趋势等。抱着严谨的科学精神,他们决定从头做起。

在工科楼实验室和北林大的校园里,李伟林他们拿着各种电极、导线和万用表,对不同树种、不同连接方式进行反复测试,美国梧桐、栾树、油松……因为导电用的小号螺丝钉要扎入树皮内部,他们还专门向校园的园林部门提交了申请,得到大力支持,“小号螺丝钉不会对树木的正常生命活动产生影响,这种方法属于无损检测。”李伟林说,尽管如此,他们的实验还是小心再小心、仔细再仔细,“我们是林业大学的学生,对树木的研究一定要科学化、规范化。”

测试的原理是这样的:树干作为负极,其根部周围的土壤作为正极,通过电极、导线相连接,如果的确存在电势差,就可以形成一个通电回路,万用表就可以测到电压。功夫不负有心人,电路接通的一瞬间,电表的数值猛然跳动,让李伟林和伙伴们欢呼雀跃。当然,只测一次肯定不行。从2015年6月到2016年6月,他们整整收集了学校十多株不同品种的树一年的电压值,最高时的瞬时电压能达到500多毫伏。

这些电被积累到了超级电容,经过平均二十多天的积累,单个电容就可以存储约300毫伏的电压,从而创新地收集到了植物中的电能。

夏季最快8天充满一支电容

电容收集到电势差后,如何升压存储到锂电池中也是个问题。李伟林说,由于野外环境特殊,植物电能在升压过程没有外界电能帮助,“没有‘人工变压器’,就需要实现无源升压。”经过反复选型对比测试,他们又确定了升压电路所要用的各种电子器件,并设计制作了电路板。他们创新地就地取材,利用树木放出的电本身作为升压电路的启动电压,然后又不断通过实验改进升压电路设计,最终既实现了环境能量自供电,又将电能转化效率保持在了50%以上。

记者在李伟林的实验室见到了他们最新改进的“植物充电宝”。这个装置的主体如同一个饼干盒大小,打开后里面是密布的20个电容以及电路板、导线。“充电宝”另一端连接的是一条黑色的“腰带”,里面“扎”着20枚螺丝钉,“这条‘腰带’就是绑在树上的,钉子进入树干,进行电路连接。每一枚钉子通过导线连接一个电容。”李伟林介绍,原来是纯导线连接,后来发现遇到雨雪天气,电路容易不稳定,因此用“腰带”进行了优化。

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