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专家:机会缺失是中小学生口语表达能力症结所在

2017-09-01 07:45:56   央广网

口语表达缺少机会 应发力语境表达

此次调查也反映出当前中小学生在口语表达方面存在的突出问题。调查显示,家长认为,影响孩子口语表达的因素中,“词汇量少,语言贫乏”占比最大,为49.26%;其后依次为“表达意思的条理和逻辑性不够,说不到点子上”“语音、语调、体态语言等表达的艺术性不够”“情商不高,对说话对象和说话情境缺乏认识和理解”“思维慢,反应不过来”及“倾听能力弱,抓不住对方表达的要点”。家长认为孩子在口语表达上存在的不足包括:不会在不同场合说得体的话(53.69%);胆子小,不敢说(46.91%);表达没有逻辑,说不清楚(46.51%);性格内向,不爱说(30.54%);没有话说,经常词穷(22.75%)。

专家认为,机会缺失是中小学生口语表达能力发展症结所在。“好马是骑出来的,才干是练出来的”,口语表达能力也是如此。在调查中,问及孩子口语表达存在不足的原因时,“生活中缺少口语表达的锻炼机会”这一原因位居榜首(58.58%),这意味着口语表达能力培养最重要的一环——“练习”缺少了。

作为大部分孩子度过童年时光最多的地方,学校是孩子和老师同学交往、交流的营地,也是孩子们锻炼口语表达能力的主战场之一。口语能力是语文发展的基础,语文要通过社交去学习。为了打破学生在课堂的沉默,老师要多组织小组活动,让学生有机会发表观点。因为相较全班而言,学生在小组活动中会表现得更加积极。

调查显示,在孩子回答“在学校里,你有机会表达自己的观点吗?”这个问题时,近一半的孩子表示机会不多(48.38%),选择“没有”的占3.46%,不到一半的孩子表示“有”(48.16%)。

但调查也发现,超过一半的学校开设了与口头表达相关的课程。专家分析认为,孩子机会不足有客观因素,也有主观因素。一方面,学校开的课程不能满足学生的表达需求,相较学生数量,机会还是相对匮乏,大部分普通孩子仍然缺乏表达机会。另一方面,孩子对自身能力的评估会影响机会的争取,即自我评价高的孩子,更为主动也更有表达机会,而自我评价差的孩子更害怕发言——越不表达,越没机会。

“口语表达能力培养是个系统工程。”首都师范大学教授张燕华认为,有的学校会安排一些实践活动,如自我介绍、讲故事、背古诗等,这些无疑是口语表达的重要组成部分,但是更高级别的、更具实际应用价值的口语表达,实际上并没有得到应有的重视,那就是在特定情境中的表达。根据不同情境、不同对象、不同目的,学习采用不同的口语表达,这可能才是口语表达的核心和根本。口语表达能力的培养并非一蹴而就,不仅表现在“开口说话”,更重要地是懂得“如何说”“对谁说”。而要达到上述水平,口语表达能力的培养就不能只局限于课堂,课余知识积累、技巧掌握、不同环境操练等都是培养口语表达能力的重要内容。

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