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贸易摩擦势必降低美国偿债能力

2017-08-30 06:11:35   中国青年网

贸易摩擦不利于美国高附加值产品的产出,并会导致其对外贸易市场萎缩,甚至可能加速美元加息节奏,引发美元阶段性走强,阻碍其出口,美国财富创造能力将会降低。美国以真实财富为支撑的偿债来源与高企的债务负担本来就处于严重失衡状态,贸易摩擦势必导致偿债能力持续下降。

本报讯 记者徐惠喜报道:国际评级机构大公日前发布报告认为,美国对华发起301贸易调查制造贸易摩擦,将导致美国财富创造能力受损,致使其以真实财富为支撑的偿债来源与高企债务负担之间本就严重失衡的状况更趋严峻,国家偿债能力持续降低。

大公指出,贸易摩擦不利于美国高附加值产品的产出,并会导致其对外贸易市场萎缩,甚至可能加速美元加息节奏,引发美元阶段性走强,阻碍其出口,美国财富创造能力将会降低。

首先,贸易摩擦将破坏美国自身生产活动。尽管美国对中国的贸易限制能够阻碍中国产品对美国出口,但国际化分工、生产分割已成为产品生产的新趋势,中国在全球供应链中仍处于中低端环节,产品的大部分附加值仍由美国或其他发达国家获得,因此贸易壁垒更多损害的是美国上游供应商和下游分销商的利益,阻碍了美国高附加值产品的产出。

其次,贸易摩擦将导致美国对外贸易市场萎缩。中国是美国第一大贸易伙伴,贸易摩擦势必影响双方经贸往来。同时,中国积极同其他金砖国家开展合作、推动区域全面经济伙伴关系建立并大力推进“一带一路”建设,中国贸易市场将向上述国家敞开。若中美贸易摩擦持续扩大,势必影响美国对华出口和中国对美直接投资。此外,随着美国退出跨太平洋伙伴关系协定以及重启北美自由贸易区谈判,美国的出口市场也会相应萎缩,中美贸易摩擦将进一步使美国对外贸易市场陷入“四面楚歌”“雪上加霜”的状态。

第三,贸易摩擦可能与货币政策产生共振从而抑制其出口。由于中国制造业单位劳动力成本远低于美国,即使美国限制来自中国的进口,美国企业也未必有动机生产这些商品,除非美国政府在税负和补贴方面给予扶持。如果限制了来自中国低价商品的进口,美国的消费物价或进一步抬升,增强通胀水平上升趋势,从而加速美联储的加息节奏,美元指数阶段性走强,美国出口将再次受到不利影响。

大公认为,美国以真实财富为支撑的偿债来源与高企的债务负担本来就处于严重失衡状态,贸易摩擦引发的财富创造能力下降将使其偿债来源基础进一步恶化,美国偿债能力将持续下降。

首先,美国以真实财富为支撑的偿债来源与高企债务负担间的严重失衡状态极为脆弱。近30年来,美国逐步形成以国民超前消费、政府财政赤字和对外贸易赤字为特征的债务依赖型经济发展模式,常年的入不敷出压力使美国陷入饮鸩止渴般“以债养债”的恶性循环,并凭借美元国际储备货币地位将债务风险转嫁给国际债权人,其国家偿债能力较弱的本质未发生改变。

其次,贸易摩擦引发的财富创造能力下降进一步恶化了其偿债来源基础,使以财富创造能力为债务偿付基石的信用关系更趋严峻,美国的国家偿债能力将持续下降。一方面,过高的债务负担将阻碍经济发展,2016年美国的国家总债务占其GDP的比重已高达252.8%,联邦政府债务负担也在高位继续攀升,美国债务滚动空间已严重不足,依靠债务驱动经济模式不可持续;另一方面,贸易摩擦带来的财富创造能力下降进一步削弱了债务滚动的基础,依赖债务滚动偿还债务的方式亦愈发难以为继,国家偿债能力势必持续降低。

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