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在史料体系中理解历史中的细节与“碎片”
2017-08-25 04:16:37 中国青年网
在史料解读中,往往因一个词语不理解或习惯用语不清楚而造成的误断、误读,比比皆是。如因不懂“京徭”为何意,中华书局所点校的《明史》有一段史料就断错了,其原文断句如下:“凡均徭,解户上供为京徭,主纳为中官留难,不易中纳,往复改贸,率至倾产。”笔者改为“凡均徭,解户上供,为京徭主纳,为中官留难,不易中纳,往复改贸,率至倾产。”“京徭”的含义与“歇家”类似,明代政府规定各类钱粮到京皆由歇家主纳,如嘉靖时,政府规定:“凡差官起解供用等库钱粮,到京,即同歇家赴部领单上纳。”对于同一件事,《太仓考》则言:“凡官解到京,即将公文同歇家保状,赴部投下,领单上纳。”而“白粮投解,有侩家为之主办”,这里“侩家”就是指“歇家”(具体考证见《明清歇家研究》第543到547页)。同样,笔者在读硕士时因不理解“京”字在明代文献中仅指“北京”,后来又没有改正过来,故“在京法司歇家”所引证这段史料确实断错了。不过万幸的是,在京法司设歇家这个职役的结论,依据张永明所言依然可以成立。张永明言:“在京法司,多系犯人自纳本色纸张,或令歇家代送。南京各衙门,亦各自有常用人役,如歇家、门、库、斗子之流,虽非事体,然平价使之转卖,以一衙门之人供一衙门之役犹可也,而乃拘铺户,其谁堪之。”该史料出自张永明的《议处铺行疏》一文,该文谈的是南京地区的铺户承受许多非他们应该承担的职责,致使负担过重,破家不断。他举例说北京法司所用纸张要么由犯人自纳,要么由歇家代送,而不需要拘铺户来完成。而南京法司等各衙门如同北京法司一样,也设有歇家等役,理应像北京法司一样,不需要拘铺户来完成,即“亦各自有常用人役”的“亦”字是承接“在京法司”而来的。这两地衙门设置人役是一样的,但南京地区的歇家似乎没有履行“代送”的职责,“代送”两字含义非常复杂,并非如高先生所说没有意义。
谁是明清基层社会的支配力量
基层社会虽由政府支配,但政府也要依靠各类民间组织和群体来管理社会,这些组织和群体因而变得愈发重要,甚至具有支配县乡的力量,这在明清两代体现得尤为突出。明清时期,政府核心职能是“刑名钱谷”。“刑名”主要包含了词讼与治安两个方面,“钱谷”则泛指征收解纳各种赋役,也就是说协助政府完成“刑名钱谷”任务的组织与群体往往在基层社会的力量最大。因此我们要了解基层社会的性质及其运作模式,关键是了解谁在具体运作“刑名钱谷”。
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