404 Not Found
404 Not Found
Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!
URL: |
http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170825/31180705_3.html |
Server: |
cms-8-251 |
Date: |
2024/12/29 15:20:27 |
Powered by China
China
在史料体系中理解历史中的细节与“碎片”
2017-08-25 04:16:37 中国青年网
在史料解读中,往往因一个词语不理解或习惯用语不清楚而造成的误断、误读,比比皆是。如因不懂“京徭”为何意,中华书局所点校的《明史》有一段史料就断错了,其原文断句如下:“凡均徭,解户上供为京徭,主纳为中官留难,不易中纳,往复改贸,率至倾产。”笔者改为“凡均徭,解户上供,为京徭主纳,为中官留难,不易中纳,往复改贸,率至倾产。”“京徭”的含义与“歇家”类似,明代政府规定各类钱粮到京皆由歇家主纳,如嘉靖时,政府规定:“凡差官起解供用等库钱粮,到京,即同歇家赴部领单上纳。”对于同一件事,《太仓考》则言:“凡官解到京,即将公文同歇家保状,赴部投下,领单上纳。”而“白粮投解,有侩家为之主办”,这里“侩家”就是指“歇家”(具体考证见《明清歇家研究》第543到547页)。同样,笔者在读硕士时因不理解“京”字在明代文献中仅指“北京”,后来又没有改正过来,故“在京法司歇家”所引证这段史料确实断错了。不过万幸的是,在京法司设歇家这个职役的结论,依据张永明所言依然可以成立。张永明言:“在京法司,多系犯人自纳本色纸张,或令歇家代送。南京各衙门,亦各自有常用人役,如歇家、门、库、斗子之流,虽非事体,然平价使之转卖,以一衙门之人供一衙门之役犹可也,而乃拘铺户,其谁堪之。”该史料出自张永明的《议处铺行疏》一文,该文谈的是南京地区的铺户承受许多非他们应该承担的职责,致使负担过重,破家不断。他举例说北京法司所用纸张要么由犯人自纳,要么由歇家代送,而不需要拘铺户来完成。而南京法司等各衙门如同北京法司一样,也设有歇家等役,理应像北京法司一样,不需要拘铺户来完成,即“亦各自有常用人役”的“亦”字是承接“在京法司”而来的。这两地衙门设置人役是一样的,但南京地区的歇家似乎没有履行“代送”的职责,“代送”两字含义非常复杂,并非如高先生所说没有意义。
谁是明清基层社会的支配力量
基层社会虽由政府支配,但政府也要依靠各类民间组织和群体来管理社会,这些组织和群体因而变得愈发重要,甚至具有支配县乡的力量,这在明清两代体现得尤为突出。明清时期,政府核心职能是“刑名钱谷”。“刑名”主要包含了词讼与治安两个方面,“钱谷”则泛指征收解纳各种赋役,也就是说协助政府完成“刑名钱谷”任务的组织与群体往往在基层社会的力量最大。因此我们要了解基层社会的性质及其运作模式,关键是了解谁在具体运作“刑名钱谷”。
404 Not Found
404 Not Found
Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!
URL: |
http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170825/31180705_3.html |
Server: |
cms-8-251 |
Date: |
2024/12/29 15:20:27 |
Powered by China
China
404 Not Found
404 Not Found
Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!
URL: |
http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170825/31180705_3.html |
Server: |
cms-8-251 |
Date: |
2024/12/29 15:20:27 |
Powered by China
China
相关阅读
404 Not Found
404 Not Found
Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!
URL: |
http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170825/31180705_3.html |
Server: |
cms-8-251 |
Date: |
2024/12/29 15:20:27 |
Powered by China
China
404 Not Found
404 Not Found
Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!
URL: |
http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170825/31180705_3.html |
Server: |
cms-8-251 |
Date: |
2024/12/29 15:20:27 |
Powered by China
China
404 Not Found
404 Not Found
Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!
URL: |
http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170825/31180705_3.html |
Server: |
cms-8-251 |
Date: |
2024/12/29 15:20:27 |
Powered by China
China
404 Not Found
404 Not Found
Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!
URL: |
http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170825/31180705_3.html |
Server: |
cms-8-251 |
Date: |
2024/12/29 15:20:27 |
Powered by China
China
404 Not Found
404 Not Found
Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!
URL: |
http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170825/31180705_3.html |
Server: |
cms-8-251 |
Date: |
2024/12/29 15:20:27 |
Powered by China
China
404 Not Found
404 Not Found
Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!
URL: |
http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170825/31180705_3.html |
Server: |
cms-8-251 |
Date: |
2024/12/29 15:20:27 |
Powered by China
China
404 Not Found
404 Not Found
Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!
URL: |
http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170825/31180705_3.html |
Server: |
cms-8-251 |
Date: |
2024/12/29 15:20:27 |
Powered by China
China
404 Not Found
404 Not Found
Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!
URL: |
http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170825/31180705_3.html |
Server: |
cms-8-251 |
Date: |
2024/12/29 15:20:27 |
Powered by China
China
404 Not Found
404 Not Found
Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!
URL: |
http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170825/31180705_3.html |
Server: |
cms-8-251 |
Date: |
2024/12/29 15:20:27 |
Powered by China
China
加载更多>>
404 Not Found
404 Not Found
Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!
URL: |
http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170825/31180705_3.html |
Server: |
cms-8-251 |
Date: |
2024/12/29 15:20:27 |
Powered by China
China
404 Not Found
404 Not Found
Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!
URL: |
http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170825/31180705_3.html |
Server: |
cms-8-251 |
Date: |
2024/12/29 15:20:27 |
Powered by China
China
404 Not Found
404 Not Found
Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!
URL: |
http://3g.china.com:8080/act/news/11038989/20170825/31180705_3.html |
Server: |
cms-8-251 |
Date: |
2024/12/29 15:20:27 |
Powered by China
China