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在史料体系中理解历史中的细节与“碎片”
2017-08-25 04:16:37 中国青年网
而高先生在引我的话时,总是无意中把我最重要的信息隐掉。如吕坤言:“一等颇有身家,纳赎既惜多费,摆站又怕辱名,到驿之日,官吏先行贿赂,保人图得货财,收管出门,犯人离驿。一等奸顽积棍,无力赎徒,到驿之日,私查徒数,暗记官赃,挟制官吏,假取衣粮,驿递不敢不放,此两等人查盘官到,或保人代觅点站,或本人探听亲来查盘,既过,依旧回家……一等才能可用,或图衣食私役于积年保歇之家,或求亲幸听差于衙门奔走之事。甚有役满之后,依恋不归者。”从整个史料体系来看,这里的“保人”指的就是“歇家”,而高先生把讲“保人”职责部分的史料统统隐掉了。从上述“保人”职责来看,歇家确实通过其“保人”的身份,将犯人领出看管驱使。而高先生所引用的“囚房狼狈倾颓,驿递尤甚,何者?丞使痛痒不关,守令耳目不及,钱粮无所措处,兴作谁肯申呈?是以浅隘之房,卑湿之地,漏雨穿风,浸泥濡水,盛暑蒸溽,大寒凄烈,人非木石,安能二三年不病且死哉”,恰恰道出了“驿站”设“保人歇家”的必要性,若任由此种情况发生,不是草菅人命吗?
“解户歇家”是我在梳理歇家具有押解犯人的职责中提到的,歇家具有押解犯人的职责,于成龙说得非常清楚。其言:“嗣后原告上控,即发江夏县押,歇家解本犯回籍,查实取收管回报,另行起解候审。”如果将这条史料与高先生引用于成龙所言的“禁止保歇。省会、府、县歇家最为作奸犯法之薮,故定例,歇家与衙蠹同罪,法至严也……解人犯,则包揽打点行贿,更有主唆扛帮之弊”相对照,“解人犯”的主语无疑是歇家,但高先生隐掉这一史料,所以出现了歧义。自明到清,具有“解人犯”职责的,主要有“防夫”“差役”“歇家”,而“防夫”押解犯人多被“附驿军民包当”。笔者推测,歇家最初是通过包当“防夫”而具有押解犯人的职责。一般而言,“某词+歇家”的组词方式,往往是同义复合,如“讼师歇家”“保户歇家”“仓夫歇家”等等,皆是如此。如“讼师歇家者,名虽二而实则一”,因此还出现一个专门名词叫“讼歇”,如“原被告各投著名之讼歇”等。至于“保户歇家”则一般缩称为“保歇”。而“仓夫歇家”则一般缩称为“仓歇”。这里出现了“解户歇家”一词,不能排除其“同义复合”的可能。“解户歇家争共攒”中的“共”字也许仅是为了书写的整齐,但不管如何解读,歇家无疑具有解人犯、收押人犯的职责,是明清监狱体系的一个组成部分。
高先生认为“兵歇家”只是普通的“客店”,没有管理军人的职责,核心分歧是对“抄誊文字仍要一字一言,不许增减及别添祸福之说,每传毕,差巡视旗于街上,或歇家,唤二三个军来问之,照不知条内,查治所由”这段史料的理解。按明代以前的书写方式,若是“巡视旗”在“街上”“歇家”抽查问责,则断不会出现“或”这个字,这个“或”字,就表明了“歇家”与“巡视旗”同样具有抽查问责的职能,高先生的解读违背了古代的书写方式。至于士兵病了不及时治疗要问责歇家,晚上若人不在歇家,歇家与队长要受同样责罚,这不是管理之责又是什么呢?
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