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英国的脱欧、社会分裂与底层文学

2017-08-23 04:21:55   中国青年网

诗歌说,曾经有人从监狱借来了一名犯人,用绳子将他放下矿井。但是当他上来时,已经面如死灰,惨不忍睹,一句话都说不出来。这个罪犯的故事可能仅仅是一个文学比喻,它暗示了工人说话的权利被黑暗的深井所剥夺。工人的话语权被剥夺之后,这些剥削和压迫的秘密才能得以保全,资本家犯下的“罪行”才没有被绳之以法。诗歌认为,应该让英国的学者下去看看,把这些文物保护单位的黑暗和肮脏的另一面弄清楚,把它们的不可示人的罪恶都公之于世。

作为“底层诗人”,哈里森关注下层人民的生活境遇,同时他也意识到英国社会的分裂和对立可能是“拥有知识”与“没有知识”之间的对立。在《他们与我们》(Them and [Uz])一诗中,他以愤怒的心情,回顾了他的小学教师对他的地方口音的奚落,说他的口音是对英国诗歌的讽刺。在排练莎剧时,教师只允许他扮演小丑,因为他的口音只适合扮演下人或劳动人民,而莎士比亚把“诗歌”台词都给了王子和贵族。因此,口音把人们区分为贵族和贫民,它不仅仅是一个人的知识和教养的标志,而且是一个人身份和社会地位的标志。

拥有了知识的哈里森,自然也拥有了标准的口音和较高的社会地位。虽然他关注底层民众,但是他也意识到他已经不再属于那个阶层。作为诗人,他早已有了知识和文化赋予的表达能力,他渴望为底层人民代言,然而他似乎碰到了雪莱在19世纪同样碰到的问题。在《V》(1985)一诗中,他强调了靠救济金过活、挣扎在贫困线边缘的底层人民的愤怒。在英国矿工大罢工遭到撒切尔政府铁腕应对的大背景下,这种愤怒显得尤为强烈,常常以足球流氓、涂鸦和打砸抢形式表现出来。打砸抢不是他们的天性,而是一种抗议,是表达抗议的途径被堵死之后的唯一选择。

在经济学中,“基尼系数”是衡量一个国家财富分配公平程度的指数,当基尼系数超过0.5,就说明这个社会的收入差距大到了临界点,这个社会存在不稳定的隐患。不可否认,今天的英国底层人民的生存状况与19世纪相比有了不少改善,赤贫的人数大大下降,但是今天英国的贫富差距和收入差距相比19世纪是有过之而无不及。英国的“脱欧公投”就是这个社会中一直存在的愤懑的外现,在某种意义上也是美国的“占领华尔街”的翻版,是99%的穷人对1%的富人所说的“不”。这些生活在社会底层的人民是社会财富的创造者,但他们得不到应有的尊重,没有社会地位,“脱欧”就是他们通过公投表达述求的一种形式。英国后现代小说家朱利安·巴恩斯(Julian Barnes)曾经写过一部《10.5章的世界历史》,书中出现的人物都是小人物,用后现代小说形式呈现了世界历史的一个小小侧面。如果以上文字还有一点道理,聊当此文是英国底层人民状况的百年简史吧。

(张剑)

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