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网络文学创作的“借鉴”必须有边界

2017-08-21 04:11:27   中国青年网

【文化评析】

从几年前热播的电视剧《甄嬛传》《宫锁连城》,到近期上映的电影《三生三世十里桃花》,这些作品的小说原著涉嫌抄袭的争议一次次掀起波澜。在喧哗与骚动之外,我们必须注意和反思这一现象。这不仅仅是一两部书、三五个人的私人恩怨,它所牵连的领域关涉网络文学历史和发展的客观认知、写作伦理、法律法规、商业利益、道德规范、学术研究等问题。

“想象共同体”是网络文学早期的创作特点。在榕树下、清韵书院等平台上,早期的网络作者们常常会因文友的关系,围绕一个共同的“梗”游戏式地同时开笔。像“九州”“云荒大陆”等设计,更是出自一些曾经志同道合的网文写作者的集群,大家一起从传统神话典籍中拈出一个概念,发展设定为他们奇幻想象的宇宙、世界,然后各尽所能地创造人物、故事,并常常有所交叉,即构成了一个“想象共同体”。即便是这样的创作,依旧被读者挑剔过“抄袭”,而当事人大多不以为意。

更多坐实的抄袭发生在另一个网络文学的常态特征中,那就是“读者即作者”。一些某个类型、某位作家的粉丝按捺不住创作的冲动,开始变身为作者,在写作过程中,往往被读者发现有拷贝他人小说的文字段落及模仿人设剧情的确凿罪证,这就是过往“抄袭”公案的主要来源。遇到这种情况,以前是用创作伦理和道德谴责的方式,现在则屡屡对簿公堂讨说法。

仅从学术研究的角度看,网络文学曾经得益于模仿式的大量创作,这一创作思维触发的是人类文艺创作经验中的常态。比如,有人说金庸模仿大仲马是抄袭,那金庸一定会坦率承认自己就是大仲马的粉丝,借鉴了他。所以,我们今天反抄袭,并不是反掉一切借鉴、模仿,那样就会如鲁迅所言,是把洗澡水和孩子一起倒掉了。

但另一方面,抄袭一定是禁忌、错误,是于情于理都不恰当的行为。综合地来看,文学创作的借鉴和模仿是有边界、方法的,以偷窃为乐事,以非法获利沾沾自喜,理应在网文界内部以及整个社会的知识产权保护环境中引起足够警惕,不断完善惩治措施,给予必要的舆论甚至法律裁判。

为此,在网络文学影响力和产业价值扩大的今天,创作者显然不应将写作仅仅看成是经济效益的奴仆。网文写作更应具备原创意识、法律意识、责任意识、精品意识。网文作者不能一方面抱怨主流社会不够重视、消极看待,另一方面又将自己流落为赚钱工具和道德、法律的重灾区。

随着网络文学作为IP(知识产权)向下游不断改编、输出为影视动漫游戏等产品,各方面都应该把好原创关,对涉嫌抄袭、确认抄袭的作品说“不”。这不是网文界一家一户的事,而是大的业态需要共同沉淀为共识,需要协同伸张的商业伦理和行业精神,目的在于净化中国知识产权环境,在全球化语境中树立“中国制造”“中国创造”良好的形象。

在裁判网络文学“抄袭”案的时候,进一步普及网络文学发展史,考虑其当时创作语境和抄袭的种类特点,不盲从,也不姑息。尤其是对一些因为商业利益扩大甚至资本炒作在背后起作用的情况,要给予详细研究,做出经得起历史检验的裁决。这是在“互联网+文学”时代下,对人们能力、定力和判断力的检验。

网络文学已经走入其发展的第20个年头,网络文学的共同体理应珍惜时代赋予的这个重要窗口期,摒弃野蛮生长、树立规则意识、充实文化自信、参与国际传播。

(作者:夏烈 系杭州师范大学教授)

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