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古文·古文之学·文章学

2017-08-21 05:16:27   中国青年网

古文之学,又称古文学,和诗学、词学、曲学、赋学、小说学、戏剧学以及骈文学为同类概念,是研究古文体用特点、文学属性、审美要求、创作艺术、批评理论、鉴赏方法的学问。古文之学内涵十分丰富。由于韩愈倡导古文是以复兴先秦两汉之文为目的的,故先秦、两汉乃至整个先唐时期合理的文论观点、重要命题、著名论断(如“修辞立其诚”“言有物”“言有序”“辞尚体要”“辞达而已矣”等)都被纳入其中,成为理论基础的一部分。分量最重且最为鲜活、生动而又颇具理论色彩的,是历代古文家和研究者关于古文之学的见解。其见解至少可以归纳为文原论、文用论、文道论、文质论、文气论、文辞论、文法论、文境论、风格论、通变论。而每一论都包容甚多,涉及面广。如文气论,就可粗分为属于本体论的文气论,属于主体论的文气论,属于风格论的文气论,属于创作论的文气论,属于鉴赏论的文气论。像文辞论,亦可简析为辞达说、贵妍说、雅俗说、难易说、繁简说、浓淡说、言不尽意说、意在言外说等。古文之学如此丰厚,可以为构建当代文章学提供资源,但不能视之为古代“单篇文章写作学问”的“文章学”。

对古文之学的认知,人们往往习惯于从文话、文论和古文选本评点文字入手,其实古文作品乃是古文家表达有关古文之学见解最为直观的形式。这样说,不单在于不少古文本身就是论述古文之学的专论,还在于古文作品本是作者践行创作理念的产物,其内外之美及其表现形式等方面的特征,均能显示作者对古文之学诸多问题的看法。古文作品是古文之学的重要载体,因而中唐古文创作的兴起,即为古文之学兴起的重要标志。方苞即谓“自是(指汉代)以降,古文之学每数百年而一兴,唐、宋所传诸家是也”(方苞《赠淳安方文輈序》)。包世臣说唐代古文之学的特点,有谓“自唐氏有为古文之学,上者好言道,其次则言法”(包世臣《与杨季子论文书》)。而南宋吴泳说北宋古文之学的代表性人物,则谓“古文之学,人皆谓欧阳子倡之,而不知柳仲涂、穆伯长诸人已近于古”(吴泳《与唐伯玉书》)。所言既反映出南宋以降古文家和古文研究者关于古文之学随古文创作兴起而兴起的观念,也证明了古文之学兴起于中唐、再盛于北宋,为南宋直至晚近学者之共识。认为古文之学兴起于南宋的学者,可能只看到了此时古文专论、专著以及选本评点涌现的一面,而对此类著述学理、观念乃至见解与中唐、北宋古文之学一脉相承有所忽略。总之,古文之学兴起于中唐,其内涵、外延较之专一研究文章写作的文章学要广博得多,因而不能简单地说古代文章学成立于南宋。

(作者:熊礼汇 系武汉大学文学院教授)

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