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中国经济新旧增长动力的转换

2017-08-18 09:22:19   中国青年网

第三个问题是社会民间科技创新不足,影响新增长动力的形成进程。新增长动力的形成,关键要鼓励企业创新。如果社会特别是企业缺乏创新力,新增长动力将无从谈起。共性技术、关键基础性技术需要集中式创新,但产业结构整体转型和新兴产业系统性成长,更需要依靠民间大众创新,依靠市场竞争能力的提升。而社会民间科技创新与集中创新所需要的条件是有区别的。民间科技创新是分散式决策和分头行动,创新主体是企业,需要调动人的积极性、创造性。社会民间科技创新需要三个基本条件:第一,市场主体创新需要充分的市场自由,市场自由需要减少审批和行政管制;第二,市场主体需要公平的竞争空间,公平的竞争空间需要减少买方和卖方垄断;第三,创新者需要人的机会均等,因此需要建立有均等机会进行创新的激励机制。

由前述可见,在经济进入新常态后,需求侧的结构性矛盾焦点是有效消费需求不足、优质和高端产品无法满足市场需要,供给侧结构性矛盾的焦点是传统产业改造滞后、新兴产业成长缓慢,而需求与供给两侧的结构性矛盾破解的关键又在于体制机制改革。

动力转换:消费引领+供给创新

当前,可供选择的动力源泉,一是在需求侧实施消费引领战略,调整需求结构,降低对外需的过度依赖,扩大内需特别是消费需求,将消费特别是居民消费作为引领经济增长的主要动力源。二是在供给侧实施供给创新战略,调整产业结构,改变我国在国际市场上的分工地位,加快改造传统产业,大力发展新兴产业,不断提高中高端产业和高附加值、高技术含量产品在产业结构中的地位。三是加快体制机制的全面改革,为经济增长新旧动力转换提供引擎支撑。

从需求侧看,实施消费引领经济增长,是一国经济实现从中等收入迈向高收入阶段的必然选择。如前所述,消费对经济增长贡献作用是先下降后上升,进入高收入阶段消费对经济增长的贡献率维持在70%以上,比如2015年世界中等收入国家最终消费占GDP比重为69%,上中等收入国家66.7%,高收入国家77.9%。进入高收入阶段后,居民最终消费对经济增长起着引领作用。比如2015年美国居民最终消费率68.4%、英国65.1%、法国55.1%、德国54%、日本58.6%、加拿大57.5%、澳大利亚56.9%。

全社会消费的增长既来自消费总量的扩张,也来自消费结构的升级。收入水平越高,越是向高收入阶段迈进,消费结构越会出现细分化、中高端化倾向。这种变化就要求供给侧必须全面创新,为市场提供有效、安全、优质、高效的商品或服务。要满足需求侧的市场变化需要,核心是新动力的形成与成长。在这方面,今后的主要任务是淘汰落后产业,改造传统产业,培育发展新兴产业。传统产业改造的主要思路是,在淘汰落后低端产能的同时,避免产业转型中的空心化倾向。应紧紧抓住世界新一轮产业技术革命提供的新机遇,充分利用新技术、新工艺、新管理模式改造传统产业,走智能化、绿色化、高端化之路。

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