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杀惜案:宋江“误杀”之辩

2017-08-18 08:36:45   中国青年网

由此,虽然宋江极力辩解自己杀死阎婆惜的行为属于“误杀”,但是,其辩解同误杀的规定并不相符。实际上,笔者认为,宋江通过虚构事实,竭力论证的应该是“过失杀”。

传统的制度中,误杀、过失杀的界限大致是明确的,简而言之,误杀主要是指由于种种原因错置了杀人对象,过失杀则为出于过失而杀人。但有时候两者的界限却又并不明晰,甚至律文中,有多处将“误杀”与“过失杀”通用。例如,《贼盗》“劫囚”条:“既是因误而杀,须依过失之法。”

之所以如此,是因为在主观方面,两者存有交集:误杀强调对致人死亡之结果没有故意、没有预见,即所谓“目所不见”“心所不意”“出于非意”“备虑不谨”;过失杀同样也包括这一点——《斗讼》“过失杀伤人”条注文释过失杀伤:“谓耳目所不及,思虑所不到;共举重物,力所不制;若乘高履危足跌及因击禽兽,以致杀伤之属,皆是。”

由此,两者在主观方面的界定是非常接近的。须要说明的是,一旦被认定为过失杀,那么,犯罪人所应承担的法律责任明显减轻。《斗讼》“过失杀伤”条规定:“诸过失杀伤人者,各依其状,以赎论。”

如果双方当事人之间存在婚姻关系,那么,按照“夫妻妾媵相殴并杀”条:“……若妻殴伤杀妾,与夫殴伤杀妻同。过失杀者,各勿论。”

我们知道,阎婆惜并非宋江的妻子,而是宋江的妾。由此,基于两者身份上的尊卑,就宋江杀阎婆惜一案而言,如果被司法官员认定为“过失杀”的话,宋江就会成功脱罪,这才是宋江虚构事实的主要目的。

当然,就事件真相而言,宋江杀阎婆惜一案,既不是误杀、也不是过失杀,而是应定性为“故杀”。第二十一回,描述了宋江作案的整个过程:

宋江道:“原来却在这里。”一不做,二不休,两手便来夺。那婆娘那里肯放。宋江在床边舍命的夺,婆惜死也不放。宋江恨命只一拽,倒拽出那把压衣刀子在席子上。宋江便抢在手里。那婆娘见宋江抢刀在手,叫:“黑三郎杀人也!”只这一声,提起宋江这个念头来。那一肚皮气正没出处,婆惜却叫第二声时,宋江左手早按住那婆娘,右手却早刀落。去那婆惜颡子上只一勒,鲜血飞出。

故杀,即有“害心”而杀。结合文本描述,宋江杀惜,显属“故杀”。该案的最终判决结果如下:……县里叠成文案,待六十日限满,结解上济州听断。本州府尹看了申解情由,赦前恩宥之事,已成减罪。拟定得罪犯,将宋江脊杖二十,刺配江州牢城。

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