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高贵之梦或许是一场噩梦
2017-08-18 08:36:18 中国青年网
法律的概念天国是一种极致,也是一个噩梦
在一个宜人的夏日傍晚,德国著名法学家鲁道夫·耶林在家中阅览一本罗马法新著。或许是夏日的凉风吹拂,或许是新书的文笔乏味,还没等翻完几页书,耶林就斜躺在书房的沙发上沉沉地睡去。随着夜色的加深,风大了起来,窗外茂密的树丛被风吹得沙沙作响,敞开的窗户中像幽灵一样随风飘荡的窗帘,以及那摇曳闪烁的昏暗灯光,更是给这个静寂的夏夜增添了几分神秘,而此刻,法学家耶林正在法学的概念天国中畅游……
或许诙谐幽默的耶林为了特殊的表述方式而向我们撒了个小谎,但由此而诞生的《法学的概念天国:一场幻梦》一书却并没有让我们失望。对法哲学感兴趣的法律人在初读这篇别出心裁的短论时,一定会感到诧异:一位19世纪的德国法哲学作品,竟如此的才华横溢和具有情趣!因为一般而言,在我们的印象中,德国法哲学从来都是晦涩难懂、枯燥乏味的代名词,而耶林则打破了这一藩篱,用轻快浪漫的笔触表达出深奥的哲学道理。
对于热衷概念与逻辑的潘德克顿法学来说,概念天国无疑是个“高贵之梦”。在那里,概念有着自己的世界,它们是统治者,远离与任何生命的接触,完全是为自身而存在;在那里,所有的概念都是纯粹的、理想的、完美的、无瑕的,理论家面对它们,就如同面对自己的同类一般;在那里,所有尘世中的疑难问题,比如权利上的权利、占有的性质等等,都将因那种与现实无涉的抽象思维而被化解;在那里,最模糊的篇章最令人感兴趣,这是因为它们可以任由想象力自由驰骋、天马行空而不受任何限制,更无需考虑任何的法律目的和法律后果;在那里,如果想要到达某个目的地,只需自己想着目的地就可以。
法学的概念天国,将十九世纪潘德克顿学派的逻辑分析与概念构造推至极致,这对于一向重视实践与经验的法律来说,无疑是场噩梦。这种智识的理论谬误在于:它把法律概念视为一种“超验的存在”,把逻辑推演看成天经地义的命题,甚至主张“用概念来战胜概念”,这无异于明西豪森“抓着自己头发把自己拔出泥潭”。潘德克顿法学长期发展的结果就是,以解决现实问题为使命的法律,逐渐沦为理论家们自娱自乐的概念游戏。这种智识的实践谬误在于:它把法律概念视为一种“封闭的存在”,进而产生这样一种信念,“即所有的法律规则在因适用而产生任何问题之前,它们的意思都是预定的和不变的。”但毋庸置疑,人类不可能掌握关于未来所有可能情形的全部知识,当我们在司法实践中面临一个不曾遇到过的案件时,必须作出一个新的选择,并以此改进我们的法律概念,使之更符合社会所预期的目的。
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