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“匈人”曾深刻影响欧洲历史
2017-08-18 06:22:42 中国青年网
据波斯和罗马帝国史料记载,匈人约在公元4世纪来到伏尔加河、顿河一带,随后便开始了一系列的征服战争。强大的匈人军队先是战胜了当时的强国阿兰,并继续向西大败由日耳曼人建立的东、西哥特王国,成功征服日耳曼诸部落,引发了历史上著名的民族大迁徙。紧接着,匈人将目光投向东、西罗马帝国,迫使东罗马帝国逐年向其缴纳贡税,并不断插手西罗马帝国的外交事务,建立起强大的匈人帝国。极盛时期的匈人帝国版图东起咸海、西至大西洋;南起多瑙河,北至波罗的海。这一广大区域内有着数量众多的附属国,不仅平日需称臣纳贡,战时更要出兵参战。
一度横扫欧洲大陆的“匈人”是否就是被汉王朝击败后西迁的东亚“北匈奴”,至今在史学界尚无定论。18世纪时,法国历史学家德金提出了“匈人即匈奴人”的猜想,并随着爱德华·吉本的《罗马帝国衰亡史》广受传播。该观点认为,北匈奴西迁后随即于历史上消失,和两百多年后在伏尔加河东岸突然出现的凶悍游牧民族在时间上吻合。这批西迁的北匈奴人远走欧洲,一部分在高加索;一部分在中伏尔加河地区;一部分在多瑙河流域。德国学者夏徳、我国史学家章太炎等支持此观点。与此同时,该观点一经提出即遭到部分学者反对,认为这一说法完全是凭空想象,并没有历史事实支持,两派学者一直争论至今。匈人和匈奴人的种族、语系和血缘关系即使借助现代DNA分析也并未给出明确答案。近代主流历史学家普遍认为,来自中亚的匈人与中原以北的匈奴人是一些喜欢征战与结盟的混合游牧民族,只是民族集团而非同种族群。
传奇:“上帝之鞭”阿提拉
阿提拉是古代匈人帝国极盛时期的领袖和皇帝。因其骁勇善战、卓越的领导才能和对待敌人的残暴,后世史学家将其称为“上帝之鞭”。阿提拉曾多次率大军入侵东、西罗马帝国,两次侵入巴尔干半岛,包围君士坦丁堡,亦曾远征至高卢(今法国),随后转向今天的意大利,于公元452年攻陷西罗马帝国首都拉文纳,赶走皇帝瓦伦丁尼安三世,使西罗马帝国名存实亡。然而就在一年之后,阿提拉暴毙。随着阿提拉的离世,盛极一时的匈人帝国迅速瓦解消失,这也增加了阿提拉在欧洲历史上的传奇色彩。
不久前,来自三所美国大学的专家对意大利中部翁布里亚大区特尔尼市附近的一处古罗马时期别墅遗址进行考古发掘,并在其中一处墓穴中发掘出两具幼童遗骸。经过对遗骸骨髓进行初步检测,认定两位幼童均因疫病导致死亡。死亡时间则在公元450年前后,正是阿提拉率军进入意大利半岛期间。这一发现如经确认,将使史学家们对阿提拉率匈人军队离开意大利的原因进行重新解读。
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