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“环保突击战”值得深刻反思

2017-08-16 08:40:54   中国青年网

最近一个时期,中央环境保护督察组认真履职,对不少地方形成高压态势,其所到或将到的地方各级领导皆感到压力,有的地方甚至宣称“全面进入中央环保督察临战状态”。若能够以迎检促整改落实,建构环境保护常规新秩序,那么,这未尝不是好事。然而,只是为了“确保中央环保督察迎检工作‘零失误’”,采取限时整改甚至立即关停等一系列“立竿见影”的环保措施,这种“环保突击战”或称“环保风暴”是值得深刻反思的。

党的十八大以来,我国把生态文明建设摆到了更加重要的战略地位,作出了一系列重大战略部署,积极推进环境保护领域的法治建设,为切实维护人民群众环境权益和环境公共利益,保障国家自然资源和生态环境安全,提供了重要的制度保障和法律支持。然而,在某些地方,企业的环境治理法定义务和责任被忽略,政府及其部门的环境治理监管责任没有得到落实,以至于环境污染形势严峻。在这种背景下,为“迎战”中央环保督察组的督察,只能紧急对企业“出战”,采取“一刀切”式的限期整改或者关停措施。即便是限期整改,由于期限极短,根本违背事物的规律性,故而也无法期待整改的效果,在企业无法按时达标的情况下,便转换为强制关停。或许,采取这些措施都属于政府及其部门依法应当履行的法定职责,但是,由于没有形成常规的环境治理制度,没有履行相应的法定程序,更不符合正当程序的价值追求,与建设法治政府和依法行政的要求相离甚远。于是,“环保风暴”沦为地方政府应付中央督察的“临时抱佛脚”之举,紧急整改或者关停则令许多企业苦不堪言,无法接受,积怨不少,有些则演变成政企严重对立的群体性事件。

环境问题是硬性问题,环境治理是利国利民的千秋大业,需要政府、企业、社会和每个人共同努力。要做好这项事业,关键是要完善环保整序计划和环境保护法规范,明确对企业的环保基准要求,引导企业转向环境亲和型,指导企业该如何整改,采用哪种设备哪种技术怎么做才算合格、达标。对需要整改的,应当限定合理的期间;对需要停产停业的,应当按照法定程序作出决定,并给予足够的善后处理期间。唯有做好规划引导,才有利于企业养成乃至提高环保意识及守法合规意识,故而有利于企业的生存及发展,也有利于从根本上实现环境整序行政所追求的崇高目标。

环境整序行政的方法和手段非常广泛多样,并不是说不可用突击进行“环境治理”这种手段。若是在充分进行了环境法制宣传,基于环境整序行政计划进行引导,给企业和个人更多自我谋划、自我改进或者改善的机会,明确告知企业其所应履行的义务和承担的责任,并依法作出环境治理的决定命令,充分履行了送达、告知、听取陈述和申辩,必要时举行听证会、督促履行等程序的情况下,对那些依然“负隅顽抗”、不履行其应当履行的法定义务的严重污染企业,采取突击检查、责令整改甚至停产停业等措施,不仅是可以的,而且是应当的,是法治行政原理的内在要求,也有实定法规范提供支持。可以说,进行非常规性突击检查,是常规性检查的补充,也是行政检查实效性的必要保障。

当然,要采取“关停”企业的措施,则需要履行相应的法定程序。行政处罚法明确规定,作出责令停产停业等行政处罚决定之前,应当履行告知听证等程序。未履行法定程序,便予以“立即关停”;面对“在这里经营了数十年,凭什么今天就不合格了”的质问,又不予以充分的理由说明,只是简单粗暴地强调:“我说不合格就不合格,能给你找出一百个不合格的理由!”这种做法备受争议,难以得到企业人的理解和支持,也不符合依法行政的要求。如何从根本上解决好这个问题,将继续考验各地方政府的治理智慧和能力。

(作者系中国人民大学法学院教授、比较行政法研究所所长)

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