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“匈人”曾深刻影响欧洲历史

2017-08-18 06:22:42   中国青年网

据史料记载,西罗马帝国皇帝瓦伦丁尼安三世的姐姐奥诺利亚为逃避与一名宫廷官员的婚约,主动向阿提拉求婚。阿提拉接受了奥诺利亚的求婚,同时提出以帝国的一半管治权作为陪嫁。然而,瓦伦丁尼安三世得知这一消息后,断然以“提婚不合法”为由回复阿提拉,并将奥诺利亚流放。阿提拉并未接受这一解释,举兵攻打高卢。公元452年,阿提拉重新要求兑现与奥诺利亚的婚约,匈人军队同时越过阿尔卑斯山进入罗马帝国的核心意大利本土。在阿提拉的军队接连攻占多座城市后,瓦伦丁尼安三世被迫从拉文纳逃至旧都罗马。匈人军队最终在意大利北部的波河停止攻势,阿提拉以胜利者身份接见了教皇利奥一世、元老院首席议员阿维努斯和近卫军统领特里杰久斯等帝国最显赫人士领导的议和使节团。随后,阿提拉接受提议并率军离开了意大利。

关于阿提拉突然撤出意大利而并未攻打至罗马的原因,史学界同样有着不同观点。其中一个观点是阿提拉害怕重蹈公元410年西哥特王亚拉利克一世攻占罗马城后不久暴毙的覆辙(关于“永恒之城”罗马不得蛮族入侵的预言,经拉斐尔艺术加工和美化后,创作出《利奥一世与阿提拉会面》的壁画,至今完好保存于梵蒂冈博物馆。画面中,圣人保罗与彼得手持利剑保护教皇利奥一世,并最终劝服阿提拉)。也有学者认为,阿提拉的军队当时可能受到军粮短缺或时疫困扰,不得不作出撤军的决定。上述特尔尼市的最新考古发现如经进一步确认,将成为阿提拉军队因瘟疫困扰撤出意大利的强有力证据。

遗迹:威尼斯的阿提拉宝座

托尔切洛岛是水城威尼斯潟湖中众多小岛中的一个,虽然目前仅有常住居民17人,且面积仅为0.44平方公里,但却曾是威尼斯最古老和最繁荣的人类活动定居点之一。因其所拥有的宝贵考古遗产和悠久历史文化,成为威尼斯地区最受欢迎的旅游胜地。20世纪60年代,考古学家们对托尔切洛岛进行了集中发掘和研究,认为其历史可上溯至罗马帝国初期,并在公元7世纪时人口达到顶峰,形成了完整的城市结构,手工业亦得到蓬勃发展。托尔切洛岛主教堂墙壁上记载的历史表明,该教堂历史可追溯至公元639年的拜占庭时期(即东罗马帝国时期),这也间接证明了托尔切洛岛的悠久历史。

托尔切洛岛最吸引人之处则是其和匈人帝国首领阿提拉的历史渊源。据传,阿提拉率匈人军队于公元5世纪左右入侵意大利时,曾抵达托尔切洛岛。至今在托尔切洛岛上仍然存有一个石头制成的宝座,被称为“阿提拉王座”。然而,这一传说并未得到历史学家证实。经考证,阿提拉及其匈人军队仅仅停留在意大利东北部的阿奎利亚,而作为骁勇善战的游牧民族,似乎应该对威尼斯的这样一个小岛并不感兴趣。尽管传说并不可靠,但这一宝座的历史仍然可以追溯至公元5世纪,作为当时达官显贵的座位,也自然成为权力的象征。

其实,无论东方还是西方,漫长的人类发展史构成了人类文明的宝库,同时也充满着许多未解之谜,等待着后人不断探索与发现。相信随着科技的进步和更多历史资料、古迹的重见天日,人们必将对自己的历史有着越来越清晰的认识,进而推动文明发展的车轮滚滚向前。

(本报罗马8月17日电 本报记者 陈晓晨)

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