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天津港“8·12”事故应急合作网络与协同应对

2017-08-17 13:11:38   中国青年网

四、测量结果与目标对比分析

(一)应急合作网络结构关系测量

网络结构的整体状况主要由网络成员间关系的强弱程度决定,具体通过节点间的关联状况和距离反映。利用网络密度和网络最短路径距离进行测量。网络密度越大,表明网络成员间的关系越密切,互动程度越高。建立在距离之上的凝聚力指数越大,表明该网络越具有凝聚力。[11]经计算在网络规模为22个行动者的应急网络中仅有48对政府组织间存在直接链接,网络密度仅为0.08。而网络平均最短路径距离为1.742,表明应急过程中任一组织平均需经过近2个网络成员才能与其他成员取得联系。在这个距离上的凝聚力指数为0.131。综合上述数据,认为该网络总体互动程度较差,网络凝聚力偏低,测量结果见表2。

接近中心度反映了网络中每一节点与其他节点间关系的紧密程度从而帮助确定各组织在网络中的位置。某节点接近中心度越高,表明该点不必通过其他成员传递信息的能力越强。依据表3的测量结果,天津市委市政府和党中央、国务院的值分别为52.50和51.22,是该网络中接近中心度值最高的两个行动者,表明这两个组织位于网络中心,获得信息资源等的短程线距离总和最短、速度最快。国家海洋局、天津市气象局等成员则需较多地依赖其他组织,获取信息速度较慢。结果表明,从网络结构关系上看,党中央、国务院和天津市委市政府在事故应急合作网络中极有可能扮演了网络管理组织这一角色。Burt结构洞的“Dyadic Redundancy”测算结果也表明,党中央国务院和天津市委市政府互为网络所有行动者中最冗余的人,表明二者在网络中具有功能相似性。

(二)应急合作网络运作测量

分析上述结果发现网络管理组织成为网络协调运转的关键,党中央国务院与天津市委市政府似乎处于网络中心。那么网络中的权力和资源分布如何,各成员在网络中的影响力和优势差异如何,将通过点的中心度指标,借助程度中心度、中介中心度、特征向量中心度来具体描述,测量结果见表4。

点的中介中心度刻画节点占据网络中其他节点间最短路线上的能力,[11]描述某一节点可在多大程度上控制其他节点和操控网络中的信息、资源传送等。Burt的结构洞为测算网络中资源和信息交互的节点及非冗余关系提供了更为精确的指标:限制度、有效规模和等级度。中介中心度的测量结果显示,网络管理组织(党中央国务院和天津市委市政府)的数值非常高,分别为32.25和29.27。Burt结构洞的限制度结果显示“党中央国务院”的数值最小,其次为“公安部”和“天津市委市政府”,说明网络管理组织特别是党中央国务院在网络中具备垄断信息流通的能力,换言之,网络中的大部分信息和资源需要通过它们传送,此外,在Burt结构洞有效规模中“党中央国务院”的值最大,表明其在网络中的非冗余因素最多,行动最自由;其次为“天津市委市政府”;从等级度来看,“滨海新区公安局”等组织的值为1,说明它们在网络中受到较多限制。

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