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业内质疑:滴滴“名为共享经济,实为租赁经济”
2017-08-15 10:14:28 中国经济网
滴滴优步合并真的垄断了吗?
虽然滴滴并购后的专车市场占有率超过九成,但根据法律规定,拥有垄断地位并不直接构成违法。北京北斗鼎铭律师事务所主任熊智告诉《中国经济周刊》记者,反垄断的本质不是反对某个企业获得的垄断地位,而是防止垄断者利用其垄断地位制造负外部性,例如获取超额利润、阻挡其他竞争者进入、利用市场支配地位妨碍竞争等。
我国《反垄断法》共涉及四种具体的垄断行为:垄断协议、滥用市场支配地位、经营者集中和滥用行政权力排除、限制竞争。大型企业间并购属经营者集中,经营者集中是否需要进行反垄断审查,取决于其是否达到申报标准。我国《反垄断法》并未对这个申报标准做出具体规定,而是规定国务院享有项权力。根据《国务院关于经营者集中申报标准的规定》第三条,如参与经营者集中的企业上一会计年度全球销售额达100亿元,或在国内市场销售额达20亿元,并且其中至少两个经营者上一会计年度在中国境内的营业额均超过4亿元,该经营集中便需要事先申报。
滴滴对此曾解释称:目前滴滴和优步中国均未实现盈利,且优步中国上一个会计年度营业额没有达到申报标准,因而不用申报。由于滴滴出行与优步中国不是上市公司,目前无公开数据可查其是否达到申报标准。
然而,根据国务院上述规定第四条:未达到申报标准,但按照规定程序收集的事实和证据表明该经营者集中具有或可能具有排除、限制竞争效果的,商务部应当依法进行调查。“也就是说,即使不考虑营业额,但从市场占有率或其他可能导致垄断的因素,商务部门也有权对其展开调查。”熊智说。或许正是从这个层面考虑,商务部在去年滴滴优步合并后,便开展反垄断调查。
汪先生告诉《中国经济周刊》记者,并购以来,滴滴几乎全部停止了对司机和乘客的补贴,并对司机在上线时长和出勤率上提出了苛刻的条件,“司机、租赁公司和乘客各方对网约车服务都有诸多不满。单从市场反应来看,这也不是一起有积极作用的并购案。”汪先生说。
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