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告别“一刀切” 醉驾量刑回归司法理性

2017-05-26 08:07:01   

据公安部2015年发布数据显示,2011年醉驾入刑以来发生涉及酒驾道路交通事故的起数和死亡人数较入刑前同比分别下降25%和39.3%。

情节轻微免刑罚引争议

对于醉驾量刑,指导意见作了如下描述:对于醉酒驾驶机动车的被告人,应当综合考虑被告人的醉酒程度、机动车类型、车辆行驶道路、行车速度、是否造成实际损害以及认罪悔罪等情况,准确定罪量刑。情节显著轻微危害不大的,不予定罪处罚;犯罪情节轻微不需要判处刑罚的,可以免予刑事处罚。

而正是这短短的115个字,引发了不小的争议。

支持方认为,最高法院此举是对罪责相适应的一种更科学的规范。就法理论,最高法院的新规于法有据,准确地说,只是对现行法律规定的强调和重申。我国刑法总则第13条对什么是犯罪进行了概括性界定,同时明确,“情节显著轻微危害不大的,不认为是犯罪”;总则第37条则规定:“对于犯罪情节轻微不需要判处刑罚的,可以免予刑事处罚”。总则具有普适性,适用于任何罪名,危险驾驶罪当然也不例外。

从现实的角度看,确实存在各种各样的醉驾行为,其危害程度和恶性程度相差很大。譬如有人为了紧急救人不得已醉驾,有人在小区道路上醉驾,有人甚至只是喝酒后在停车场挪一下车,将这些醉驾与一般的醉驾同罪而论、一律判刑,恐怕难言公平公正,也有违刑法“罪责刑相适应”原则。

实际上,在一些地方的司法实践中,早已有对情节显著轻微醉驾免予刑事处罚的案例。2017年年初,浙江、江苏、上海等地相继出台规定,对部分轻微醉驾行为不追究刑事责任。

有评论认为,“罪责刑一致”是众所周知的刑法精神,也是对社会公平公正的最好坚守,如果我们罔顾主观上是否恶性,也不管结果是否产生了实际的社会危害,一律去套“醉驾入刑”的法律条文,则既有失公平公正,也不符合刑法“罪责刑一致”的精神原则。

李翔虽然并不赞成目前司法实践上把醉酒驾驶案件办成严格责任的做法,但更不赞同最高法院以指导意见的方式改变立法的做法。在他看来,最高法院量刑指南的做法无视立法上的变化,任意增设构成要件要素,不适当地缩小处罚范围,司法有僭越立法之嫌。

最先抛出质疑的反对方认为,最高法院这次出台的指导意见,尽管是试点、试行,但无疑意味着要对“醉酒一律入刑”进行松绑了。“醉驾一律入刑”的初衷,既是为了根本性扭转曾经酒驾、醉驾“成风”给社会公共安全造成的严重危害,也是为了解决治安管理处罚法对酒驾尤其是醉驾的处罚过轻和震慑力不足的问题。

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