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汪涛:人民币汇率究竟是相机顺势升值,还是形成机制调整?

2017-09-08 09:37:09   中国经济网

是,也不是。的确,我们认为央行借近期的机会增加了人民币汇率双向波动的灵活性,允许人民币对美元大幅走强。 但我们并不认为人民币汇率形成机制会有持续的明显调整,或未来人民币升值幅度会继续大幅超过美元的贬值幅度。原因如下:

§ 虽然人民币最近对CFETS货币篮子有所升值,但当前仅仅回到其去年底水平。换言之,最近人民币升值可能主要来自强劲的市场情绪和此前美元走弱的滞后反应。

§ 根据宏观经济平衡分析方法测算,目前人民币汇率可能接近其公允价值,并且中国出口增长也较为稳健,但是这些并不足以支撑人民币继续大幅升值。我们预计今年经常账户顺差会有所下降,更重要的是,最近稳健的出口增长主要得益于此前的人民币弱势和今年外需改善,而明年这两个因素或都有所减弱。

§ 虽然资本管制有助于限制资本外流规模,但国内居民企业投资海外资产的需求依然较强,市场对国内资产价格泡沫的担忧也仍未消退。此外,出于防范金融风险的考虑,政府在进行任何汇率或资本账户的重大调整时都会非常谨慎。

 调整人民币对美元汇率预测

我们现在预计年内人民币对美元将在区间内波动,年底达6.5-6.6,这与瑞银全球团队的美元对主要货币汇率的预测相一致。但在十九大之前,强劲的市场情绪可能会推动人民币对美元汇率升至强于6.5,但之后可能会有所回调。如果美元进一步明显贬值,人民币可能对美元继续升值,但我们认为年内人民币对CFETS货币篮子不会在现在的水平上继续大幅走强。

2018年,人民币可能面临温和贬值压力,我们预计年底人民币对美元汇率为6.7左右。我们预计国内经济增长势头和房地产市场将有所放缓,再加上贸易摩擦和地缘政治相关风险升温,这些因素将对人民币构成一定贬值压力。但我们预计决策层仍将继续收紧资本管制,这应可以缓和部分贬值压力。此外,来自主要贸易伙伴的政治压力也会限制人民币贬值幅度。加之我们认为目前人民币已接近期公允价值,因此2018年人民币对美元的走势可能将再次主要取决于美元走势。

预测面临的风险。在未来几个月(十九大之后),特别是如果经济增长开始放缓,我们预计强劲的市场情绪和企业结汇进一步上升的动力可能会逐步减弱,市场看多人民币的交易头寸可能也会调整回落。此外,年底美元也有可能出现反弹。在上述两种情况下,人民币对美元可能会有所回调。

在2018年,除了美元指数有可能超预期大幅变动之外,中美贸易摩擦也可能加剧,成为影响人民币对美元汇率的影响因素。但是,我们依然认为中国并不会通过大幅调整汇率政策来应对中美贸易摩擦。

(作者系瑞银证券中国首席经济学家)

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