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人民币汇率走强 能否带动债券收益率下行?

2017-09-08 07:32:09   中国经济网

在美元指数走弱的背景下,近日人民币兑美元汇率大幅走强再次引起了广泛的市场关注。截至9月7日,在岸与离岸人民币汇率延续涨势:在岸人民币兑美元汇率徘徊于6.50关口,刷新去年5月以来新高;离岸人民币兑美元汇率也逼近6.51关口。9月7日公布的人民币兑美元中间价报6.5269,实现连续9日调升,为2011年以来最长连升。自从6月份央行引入“逆周期因子”以来,人民币在某种程度上具备了避险货币的属性,在9月初的地缘政治冲突中一度显现和黄金同涨的局面,然而作为人民币资产的债券,是否也相应具备避险属性?在人民币汇率走强的情况下,债券收益率作为汇率的另外一面,又将呈现怎样的走势?

我们认为,在中国资本和金融账户尚未实现完全自由兑换的情况下,人民币汇率和债券收益率之间的传导关系并不明确,尤其是在以年度为计的大样本周期考察中,汇率和利率之间并未显现严格的因果关系。但是,根据2015年“8·11”汇率改革以来的情况不难得出三个结论:其一,汇率影响利率的渠道主要是人民币汇率预期会导致以外汇占款流动为核心变量的宏观流动性状态变化;其二,汇率和利率之间的因果方向取决于央行的货币政策调控目标;其三,汇率和利率之间的传导主要是通过不同机构负债端的调整来实现的。

首先,由于外汇占款是过去我国广义货币供给扩张的主要渠道,而外汇占款的扩张又是与人民币汇率走强密不可分的,因此在2015年“8·11”汇率改革以后外汇占款维持流出预期,也导致宏观流动性持续收紧,这是近两年广义货币供给创造机制出现本质性变化的基础。宏观流动性收紧无疑会抬升债券收益率,在央行维持“降息降准”的宽松货币政策周期下,因为降准具有“补水”效应,宏观流动性收紧被准备金市场的扩容所抵消,债券收益率上行趋势并不明显,但在央行暂停扩张商业银行准备金规模的情况下,债券收益率的上行压力自然凸显。从2016年三季度的情形来看,宏观流动性收紧和央行货币政策紧缩形成共振,债券收益率上行压力集中爆发并持续至今,而其中所伴随的是人民币汇率贬值预期的强化。过去两年的这种逻辑在2017年二季度以来逐步被逆转,人民币汇率升值预期不断加强,人民币多头持仓已经创下2014年以来的新高,与此相伴的是市场认为2017年三季度外汇占款或停止流出并转换为净流入,宏观流动性随之宽松或将抵消掉央行货币政策从紧对债券收益率上行的效应。因此形成了人民币汇率和债券收益率之间长期没有稳定的因果关系,而在短期由于资金净流动预期和宏观流动性的松紧效应所形成的传导关系。

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