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防范“灰犀牛”式风险的攻坚战:出清“僵尸企业”

2017-08-29 09:01:28   中国经济网

但耗时长、成本高、程序繁琐、人员安置增加地方顾虑,“僵尸企业”主动申请破产动机不足,导致清理工作仍然面临复杂、被动的局面,不少困难企业一拖再拖反而把自己彻底拖垮。“僵尸企业”出清面临着哪些障碍?如何让“僵尸企业”入土为安?

失灵的破产制度要灵起来

8月3日,最高人民法院召开新闻发布会,介绍人民法院依法推进破产审判工作,妥善处理“僵尸企业”有关情况。最高人民法院民二庭庭长贺小荣表示,用破产方式来处置“僵尸企业”,可以彻底解决围绕“僵尸企业”形成的各类债务链条,从根本上化解系统性金融风险。

“破产制度在我国长期失灵,造成市场难以正常出清,有了很好的制度,却没有利用起来。”中国政法大学破产法与企业重组研究中心主任李曙光对《中国经济周刊》记者表示。

从数据来看,我国适用破产程序案件的数量不足美国的0.2%、西欧国家的1.16%。同时,我国2014年每千家公司进入破产程序的数量仅为0.11户,显著低于西欧平均70户的数量。“破产制度在我国长期失灵,造成市场难以正常出清,‘僵尸企业’得以苟延残喘,占用信贷等宝贵资源,抬高企业杠杆率,加剧产能过剩,衍生大量信用垃圾,侵害债权人和股东的合法权益,扭曲市场价格信号。”李曙光说。

企业退出市场的方式有行政上的注销、吊销与司法上的破产两大类。根据国家工商总局的统计数据,近几年,每年从市场退出的企业有七八十万家,主要通过行政上的注销、吊销程序退出。通过司法破产清算退出市场的企业每年只有2000家左右。李曙光说,适用破产程序退出市场的企业,2008年占比为3.7%,2014年下降至不足3%。“吊销营业执照后的企业本应进行清算,并在向工商行政管理部门进行注销登记后方能退出市场,但是仍然有一些企业因为种种因素而未能向工商行政管理部门申请注销登记。这也是产生‘僵尸企业’现象的重要原因。”

“2016年,全国法院共受理企业破产案件5600多件,比2015年上升54%。今年上半年,全国法院受理企业破产案件4700多件,比去年同期上升65%。但跟‘僵尸企业’总的体量来比,从整个经济结构调整来看,还是不够的。”李曙光告诉《中国经济周刊》记者。

“地方政府是现在‘僵尸企业’出清的最大阻碍。原因在于地方政府要承担处置僵尸企业的不良后果,主要是两个问题,一个是下岗职工与社会稳定问题。二是有可能引起连锁反应,比如很多民营企业贷不到款,它是互保的形式,查了一家就会引起很多家倒闭,可能会引起区域性的问题,这个责任没有人承担得起。”聂辉华对《中国经济周刊》记者说,“地方政府是最终承担者,但确实是有利益考虑。”

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