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防范“灰犀牛”式风险的攻坚战:出清“僵尸企业”

2017-08-29 09:01:28   中国经济网

“如果‘僵尸企业’不处理掉,越积越多,那么一方面会继续消耗和占用国民经济中宝贵的信贷资源、物质资源和市场资源,继续加大信贷投放从而进一步提高实体经济杠杆率;另一方面,从动态看也会通过复杂的传导机制,进一步加大杠杆率水平。”刘志彪说。

刘志彪说,这将形成一个不良传导:“僵尸企业”增多—行业供求总量和结构关系进一步失衡—产品价格不断下跌—全行业企业业绩变得更差—无法弥补历史欠账(拖欠的工资、社保、应付账款、设备减值等)、无法更新改造技术设备、无法归还银行欠账—企业负债率进一步上升—银行不良率进一步上升、政府财政收入降低、员工工资收入无法改善—金融风险概率上升。

“企业去杠杆是解决问题的关键,今年也遇到了一个很好的时间窗口。”朱海斌说,此前,杠杆率过高,很担心去杠杆会引起金融市场动荡、企业破产和就业问题。“但现在看来,随着宏观经济的稳定,企业现金流的改善可以有效偿还这存量债务。这是一个非常难得的时间窗口。”朱海斌表示,金融工作会议也提到抓好处置“僵尸企业”工作,与一年前相比“僵尸企业”数目在下降。即使允许一部分“僵尸企业”关停并转,对于整个宏观、社会的影响也比较小,“在相对有利的时间窗口内,若下半年能够真正推动企业去杠杆,金融风险会大大减少。”

在聂辉华看来,“僵尸企业”并不会成为引起系统性风险的“灰犀牛”,更危险的在于那些现金流短缺的暂时性困难企业。

“我对‘僵尸企业’的处置其实比较乐观,我觉得没有那么严重。‘僵尸企业’本身绝对不会引起系统性风险,第一,它的数量少;第二,它分散在全国各地。”聂辉华对记者说,“一旦一个企业被编入‘僵尸企业’,其实大家都好办,就不会再投钱了,也不会再引起后续的无限制的风险了,这是好事。但现在不把它标明,银行机构不知道,还给它贷款,那才会引起系统性金融风险。”

他直言,“可能引起系统性风险的未必是僵尸企业,恰恰是那些暂时性困难的企业,就是缺现金流,给它一笔钱,它就能喘过气来,不给它钱,马上就会倒闭,且引起互保企业产生连锁反应。这样的企业更容易贷到款,因为它之前没出问题,别人敢保它,说明保它没问题。但是这里一旦放了口子,就会有连锁反应。”

处置“僵尸企业”有哪些实招?

国资委总会计师沈莹指出,“僵尸企业”的处置方式主要是采取“三个一批”的方式:一是兼并重组改造一批。二是通过加强管理提升一批。三是通过清理淘汰退出一批。越来越多的“僵尸企业”通过破产清算、重整等途径退出市场或涅槃重生。

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