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揭秘中国核试验基地:这里爆响了震撼世界的惊雷

2017-08-22 06:26:56   中国青年网

在对靶场位置进行实地考察后,张蕴钰恼了。

现为总装备部政治部创作员、一级作家、大校军衔的彭继超曾在马兰基地工作生活33年,走访了数位“马兰人”,也写下了一系列核工业题材的作品。

他告诉记者,张蕴钰曾跟他详细说起过这段往事。

张蕴钰坚持认为,敦煌不合适作为原子靶场。他的考虑主要有三方面,一是敦煌莫高窟是老祖宗留下的中华瑰宝,核试验像地震一样,一下子就把老祖宗留下的宝贝给震没了,这可是负不起的大罪过。二是没有水源,松土层太厚,而核爆炸产生的烟尘太大,烟尘太大就会随风扩散,造成核沾染区。三是试验当量太小,只能试验2万吨TNT当量的原子弹,显然不能满足中国核事业发展的需要。

据后来的核试验基地司令员张志善说:“张蕴钰同志问为什么选在这里,我说苏联专家定的,能搞2万吨。张蕴钰同志说,可真是麻子不叫麻子,叫坑人。”

张蕴钰马上将自己的意见向中央书面上报。说来也巧,中央同时接到了苏联一位专家的来信。原来,苏联专家也有不“坑人”的,信中说敦煌不适合建场,建议将靶场中心区移到罗布泊地区。

结合张蕴钰的报告和苏联专家的来信,中央同意核试验基地重新选址,就定在罗布泊。

1958年12月24日,张蕴钰带领勘察小分队从敦煌出发,经玉门关向西,向罗布泊疾驰而去。直到次年春天,疲惫的勘察队员们终于在干旱的罗布荒原发现了清冽的博斯腾湖。

张志善当时起草了一份电报给中央,电报上写道:“这里土地肥沃,能种菜、种粮,这里水源充足,水是甜的,还带有香味……”据说,万毅看到电报后笑着说:“水还带香味,他们都成了诗人啦……”

最终,在巴音郭楞蒙古自治州境内,罗布泊西端的10万多平方公里被划定为中国唯一的原子靶场。巴音郭楞蒙古自治州面积47万平方公里,比英国还大,而核武器试验场的面积有10万多平方公里,相当于一个江苏省的大小。

原马兰基地司令员马国惠告诉记者,之所以圈定10万平方公里这么大的面积,和原子弹、氢弹的破坏半径有关,“300万吨氢弹的安全半径为150公里,这样算来就要有大约9万平方公里,所以10万平方公里的军事禁区是完全必要的。”

作为原子靶场,这里堪称完美:地广人稀、远离城镇、有水源且不在地震带上。

基地位置确定的同时,生活区也获得了一个“诗意”的名字:马兰。

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