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中国农村自杀率曾3倍于城市 女性是男性2.74倍

2016-09-22 16:02:47   深圳晚报

“绝大部分自杀都是由家庭内部矛盾触发的。家庭矛盾是引起自杀的主要直接诱因,还有少部分是由村民生活中的邻里矛盾引发的”,桂华表示,农民自杀的直接诱因可分为代际(婆媳)矛盾,夫妻矛盾和邻里矛盾三类。

当然,在农民自杀中,也存在许多意想不到的原因。谢丽华在调研中了解到农村妇女70%以上是冲动性自杀,就是为了一句话或者和谁吵了架就自杀。

同时,农药的泛滥与公共卫生体系的缺损也是农村自杀问题的原因之一。贵州省社会学学会会长李建军曾表示,农药实际上已经成为农村人解决情感问题、解决矛盾纠纷的一种方式。不管遇到什么不顺心的事,他们捧起农药就喝,就像喝可口可乐一样。农药成为一种惩罚自己又惩罚别人的“最佳选择”。而农村医疗救护条件的缺乏与落后,使得一些可以救治的自杀者变成“既遂”。

自杀潮落与隐忧

农村的自杀潮的产生与中国社会环境息息相关,自杀率的下降也同样离不开社会的变迁。

2014年英国著名杂志《经济学人》刊文披露,“中国自杀率已跌至世界最低行列”“近10多年来中国自杀率陡降一半”。而支持这个论断的证据,来自香港大学公布的《中国自杀率报告:2002-2011》。

根据这份报告,在2002至2011年间,中国的年平均自杀率下降到了每10万人9.8例,降幅达到58%。其中最大的转变在于35岁以下的农村女性,自杀率减少了90%。

该份报告的主要起草人叶兆辉告诉深圳晚报记者,其调查数据取自于中国卫计委的生命登记系统,覆盖41个城市与85个农村地区,占国家总人口数量的8%。这个系统是全国最大的死因监控系统,其数据以当地警方提供的死亡证明为基础。不过,也存在着一些不足,因为在较穷的农村,死亡报告比富裕的地区缺乏准确度,也存在一些未上报的情况。

事实上,从上世纪90年代开始,年轻人群尤其是农村妇女自杀率便开始大幅下降。那时,正是民工潮、城市化的开端,越来越多的农村妇女走向城市,城市给了工作及教育的机会。

更重要的是,城市化为年轻的农村妇女提供了保护,使得她们远离导致自杀的三大因素:在家庭生活中的从属地位、家庭纷争以及容易得到农药。她们生活的机遇以及经济独立性在那段时间迅猛提高。与此同时,医疗水平的提高,交通的便捷以及对农药的管控使自杀未遂而减少自杀率。

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