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揭贪官外逃七步法:转移资产猛捞一笔后不辞而别

2016-01-13 08:45:21   法制网-法制日报

据北京师范大学刑事法律科学研究院国际刑法研究所所长黄风介绍,跨境追赃是国际合作的一项重要内容,因为各国有不同的法律制度,所以跨境追赃主要遵循国际公约中的一些原则。

在境外资产追缴问题上,《联合国反腐败公约》规定了五种资产追回方式,其中与国际刑事司法合作关系最为密切的是“没收事宜的国际合作”。

这种合作可以表现为两种形态,一种形态是被请求国将外国的没收请求提交本国主管机关,由后者依据本国法律作出没收裁决并予以执行;另一种形态是被请求国对外国主管机关作出的没收裁决予以承认和执行。

最近几年,我国已经有了几例通过没收事宜国际合作从国外成功追回资产的案例,所借助的均为第一种形态。

“迄今为止,我们尚无通过相互承认和执行没收裁决的形式成功追回资产的案例,而在各国的相关立法和实践中,第二种形态构成没收事宜国际合作的主要制度。”黄风说,我国难以与外国开展相互执行没收裁决合作的主要原因,在于现行法律的缺陷。

不过,这样的僵局即将被打破。在2015年9月,国家主席习近平访美期间,中美首次明确将通过商谈互认和执行没收判决,这意味着美国可能承认中国法律中的“特别没收程序”,即在嫌疑人外逃无法审判的情况下,认定并没收其违法所得。

中国2013年实施的新刑事诉讼法中,新增一项“特别没收程序“,它不以宣告犯罪嫌疑人、被告人有罪为前提,如能证明某物属犯罪收益,该物与其持有人的法律关系即被切断,应对其实施强制没收,也就是未经定罪没收相关犯罪所得。

如今,“特别没收程序”已成为中国海外追赃的主要司法依据。

黄风说,通过相互承认、执行没收判决,给中美联合海外追赃增加了一种法律手段。这意味着,对于外逃贪官存放在美国的赃款,我国根据新刑诉法中的特别没收程序,对违法所得启动没收程序,便可请美国互认并执行没收判决。同样,美国在类似情况下也可通过同样的手续请我国的司法部门执行,这就让海外追赃更为高效便捷。

源头遏制非法转移财产

李华波的犯罪所得皆是通过商业银行运作来掩盖其非法来源并转移至境外的;

曾经震惊全国的中国银行开平支行三任前行长余振东、许超凡和许国俊特大贪污案的犯罪所得,也是通过银行系统并采用洗钱方式转移至境外的,数额高达4.82亿美元之巨。

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