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周恩来认为蒋介石能够打败其他军阀的原因是什么

2016-12-22 15:09:15   金冲及

时任南京政府副总统的李宗仁在海外口述的回忆录中说:“蒋先生既不长于将兵,亦不长于将将。但是他却喜欢坐在统帅部里,直接以电话指挥前方作战。”“蒋先生的判断既不正确,主张又不坚定。往往军队调到一半,他忽然又改变了主意,益发使前线紊乱。蒋先生之所以要这样做,实在是因为他未作过中、下级军官,无战场上的实际经验,只是坐在高级指挥部里,全凭一时心血来潮,揣测行事,指挥系统就乱了。”这个评论是很中肯的。

李宗仁又说:“凡是中央系统的将领都知道蒋先生这项毛病。他们知道奉行蒋先生的命令,往往要吃败仗,但是如不听他的命令,出了乱子,便更不得了。所以大家索性自己不出主意,让委员长直接指挥,吃了败仗由最高统帅自己负责,大家落得没有责任。将领如果是这样的庸才,当然不能打胜仗,而蒋先生偏偏喜欢这样的人。”

国民党军方在台湾出版的《国民革命军战役史第五部——“戡乱”》的第9册“总检讨”中,在“野战战略”部分检讨说:“斯时国军中高级指挥机构,在考量匪我双方战力时,常以装备为评估战力惟一之因素”,“上下皆以收复或攻占地域为目标,主从颠倒,违背用兵原则”。而在“统帅节度”部分也作了多处检讨:“(一)过分干预下级,使下级无从发挥其自身指挥能力。长此以往,易于使下级逐渐失去自主及应变能力。(二)各地区战略构想及指挥,由统帅部决定,不易切合战场状况变化。故易陷于被动,尤其重要会战或决战指导,战机呈显之时间短暂,如等待上级决定后再采取行动时易失战机。战场陷于危机时,若等待上级之决定,亦难以及时挽救。(三)统帅部所决定之各地区作战构想及指导,系基于上层人员之判断而产生者,与战场实际情况,难免有所隔阂,在研议过程中,亦不征询下级意见,又不重视战场指挥官之意见具申,故所决定之各案,往往与作战部队之实况及能力不相吻合,致战略难以取得战术之充分支持。”这里虽然都没有提蒋介石的名字,分析也有避重就轻之处,但由于蒋介石对军事指挥大权一人独揽,这里多次提到的“统帅部”的过失,其实更多地反映出蒋介石作为军事统帅的严重弱点。

郝柏村在解读蒋介石日记时写道:“剿共作战一直是蒋公亲自决策,两任参谋总长陈诚与顾祝同,只是执行蒋公的政策而已。”

蒋介石最信任的陈诚对此也有抱怨。郝柏村写道:“蒋公与参谋总长陈诚间之歧见,在本日日记中表露。我以客观立场评析,主因当为蒋公对进剿作战计划批示过多,干预过细,将领不能不服从,陈诚亦然。当战事受挫,参谋总长责无旁贷,难免对蒋公抱怨,这是陈诚的个性。”可见,三大战略决战中国民党军队战略指导的拙劣,其主要责任只能归之于蒋介石。

辽沈、淮海、平津三大战略决战,对蒋介石的军事指挥才能是一次严格的检验。可以看到,他的作战指导实在缺乏章法,并且严重地脱离实际,先是对战场局势缺乏客观而全面的分析和了解,更谈不上对它的发展趋势有足够的预见,没有经过深思熟虑、明确而坚定的作战预案;临事张皇失措,被动应付,而又主观武断,甚至在辽沈战役和淮海战役的中后期依然盲目地想同解放军在不利条件下“决战”;继而决心动摇,终致束手无策,多次慨叹“此事殊出意外”,只能“默祷恳求上帝默佑”。他在1949年2月25日的日记中写道:“对共匪不能有所期待,而以阻止其渡江为惟一要务。”他已提不出其他办法,但他的主要军事力量既已失去,被他视为“惟一要务”的“阻止其渡江”又怎么做得到呢?1948年12月30日,毛泽东发表《将革命进行到底》。1949年4月21日,毛泽东和朱德联合发表《向全国进军的命令》。至此,中国革命在全国的胜利可以说大局已定了。

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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