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揭秘二战期间美国培训平民飞行员的计划:功不可没

2016-11-22 14:13:54   

1940年5月,罗斯福总统要求为平民飞行员培训计划增加资金,并呼吁每年要培训50000名志愿飞行员。欣克利说,平民飞行员培训计划可以很容易地产生这样数量的飞行员。罗斯福还重组了民用航空管理局,将其分成民用航空委员会和民用航空局,后者继续实施平民飞行员培训计划,由欣克利担任领导人。

转换为战时模式

20世纪30年代,美国陆军航空队只有一个基地——位于德克萨斯州中南部圣安东尼奥的兰多夫机场用于进行初级和中级飞行培训。第三阶段的高级培训需要在凯利机场和布鲁克斯机场进行。这些基地每年只能够培训几百名学员。

1939年,美国陆军航空队与9家民用飞行学校签订了进行初级飞行训练的合同。最终,有99所飞行学校与陆军航空队签订了此类合同。一些公开的资料将这个项目与平民飞行员培训计划混为一谈,但它们的主题完全不同。美国陆军和海军都对平民飞行员培训计划持谨慎态度。

在美国国会的听证会上,陆军航空队副司令巴顿·扬特准将被问及平民飞行员培训计划的毕业生是否会加入陆军航空队服役。他回答说不会。他说,在陆军航空队的飞行比较困难,其训练和要求也有所不同,而且民用航空管理局的课程没有灌输飞行员必须遵守的军事纪律。不过他承认,民用航空管理局学校的“初级培训”可能会加快入选者的“最后培训”。到1941年3月,平民飞行员培训计划已经培训了3.7万名飞行员,其中近5000人志愿参加,并在陆军和海军中接受进一步的培训。

随着日本军队偷袭珍珠港以及美国加入第二次世界大战,一切都发生了改变。罗斯福总统宣布民用航空局的飞行员培训设施都将“专门用于”为承担军事责任的人提供训练。平民飞行员培训计划改名为战争训练服务。

平民飞行员培训计划/战争训练服务的毕业生被要求履行他们的承诺,如果他们有资格和需要的话,可以参加陆军或海军的航空计划。许多人这样做了。根据细节比较粗略的历史记录,在1941年和1942年初,接受陆军航空队初级飞行训练的学员中有19.5%是平民飞行员培训计划的毕业生。这些学员的淘汰率不到12%,而那些没有接受过平民飞行员培训的学员,淘汰率将近45%。

尽管名称改为战争训练服务,但是多年以后,平民飞行员培训这一名称仍在继续频繁使用,包括民用航空局本身。本文开头提到的安德鲁·约翰·芒吉纳斯特获得的空军徽章上刻有“平民飞行员培训”和“征募预备队”字样。

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