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揭秘二战期间美国培训平民飞行员的计划:功不可没

2016-11-22 14:13:54   

一视同仁的原则

平民飞行员培训计划采用了一视同仁的原则,为众多妇女以及更多数量的非洲裔美国人从事航空和军事飞行开辟了道路。

在这项计划于1941年转换为战时模式之前,大约2500名妇女完成了平民飞行员培训。其中有许多人加入了陆军航空队的女子空勤服务飞行大队。历史学家凯瑟琳·夏普·兰德德克在采访了多位前女子空勤服务飞行大队成员并分析了信函、日记和其它信息来源后说,超过40%的女子空勤服务飞行大队成员通过平民飞行员培训获得了自己的飞行徽章。

一个突出的例子是一位名叫多拉·多尔蒂的妇女,她通过平民飞行员培训获得了她的飞行员证书,后来成为第一个获得航空运输驾驶员执照的美国妇女。她创造了几项世界直升机纪录,并两次荣幸地参加了美国空军大学的雄鹰聚会。

1944年,新的B-29型轰炸机问世,一些飞行员不愿意驾驶它,认为它太危险了。保罗·蒂贝茨上校——他后来领导了针对日本广岛的原子弹轰炸任务——从女子空勤服务飞行大队招募了多拉·多尔蒂和多萝西娅·穆尔曼两人,教她们驾驶B-29型轰炸机。随后她们的示范飞行——多拉·多尔蒂作为机长,多萝西娅·穆尔曼(也是平民飞行员培训计划的毕业生)作为副驾驶——有效地羞辱了那些男飞行员,并使B-29型轰炸机飞行训练计划回归正轨。

位于亚拉巴马州东部的塔斯克基大学是一所以招收黑人为主的私立大学,也是第一批参与平民飞行员培训计划的学校之一。1940年5月,该大学第一期学生毕业并获得私人飞行员执照。

1941年,美国陆军航空队在塔斯克基建立了一所学校,并开始在那里训练航空军校学员。在接下来的几年里,塔斯克基继续实施平民飞行员培训计划,而美国陆军航空队的有关项目在几英里远的另一个机场进行。黑人丹尼尔·詹姆斯在塔斯克基完成了平民飞行员培训,然后进入航空军校学习,并加入了陆军航空队现役。随着时间的推移,丹尼尔·詹姆斯后来成为美国空军历史上第一位黑人四星将军。

塔斯克基的飞行员在第二次世界大战的空战中获得了持久的历史名声。罗伯特·德兹也是塔斯克基的飞行员之一,在来塔斯克基之前,他在俄勒冈大学的平民飞行员培训计划中学会了飞行。在第二次世界大战中,他在意大利上空击落了两架敌机,后来成为了一名试飞员,并在其它工作中取得了优异的成绩。

在塔斯克基和其它地方,平民飞行员培训计划培训了大约2000名黑人飞行员。

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