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运动战的实行方面,问题是很多的,例如侦察、判断、决心、战斗部署、指挥、荫蔽、集中、开进、展开、攻击、追击、袭击、阵地攻击、阵地防御、遭遇战、退却、夜战、特种战斗、避强打弱、围城打援、佯攻、防空、处在几个敌人之间、超越敌人作战、连续作战、无后方作战、养精蓄锐之必要等等。这些问题在红军战史中都表现了许多的特点,战役学中应当有条理地叙述到,应当给以总结,我在这里就不说了。
第八节 速决战
战略的持久战,战役和战斗的速决战,这是一件事的两方面,这是国内战争的两个同时并重的原则,也可以适用于反对帝国主义的战争。因为反动势力的雄厚,革命势力是逐渐地生长的,这就规定了战争的持久性。在这上面性急是要吃亏的,在这上面提倡“速决”是不正确的。干了十年的革命战争,对于别的国家也许是值得惊奇的,对于我们却好似八股文章还只作了破题、承题和起讲(52),许多热闹文章都还在后面。往后的发展,在一切内外条件的影响下,无疑地将比过去有大大地增高速度的可能。因为国际和国内的环境已经起了变化,而且会有更大的变化要到来,可以说我们已经脱离了过去的那种慢慢发展的孤军作战的景况。然而不应该打算明天就会成功。“灭此朝食”(53)的气概是好的,“灭此朝食”的具体计划是不好的。因为中国的反动势力,是许多帝国主义支持的,国内革命势力没有聚积到足以突破内外敌人的主要阵地以前,国际革命势力没有打破和钳制大部分国际反动势力以前,我们的革命战争依然是持久的。从这一点出发,规定我们长期作战的战略方针,是战略指导的重要方针之一。
战役和战斗的原则与此相反,不是持久而是速决。在战役和战斗上面争取速决,古今中外都是相同的。在战争问题上,古今中外也都无不要求速决,旷日持久总是认为不利。惟独中国的战争不能不以最大的忍耐性对待之,不能不以持久战对待之。有人在立三路线时期讥笑我们的做法为“打拳战术”(说的是打过来打过去才能夺取大城市),讥笑我们要待头发白了才能看见革命的胜利。这种表现急性病的情绪,早已证明是不对了。但是他们的批评意见如果不是放在战略问题上而是放在战役和战斗的问题上,则是非常之对的。原因在于:第一,红军的武器尤其是弹药没有来源;第二,白军有很多支部队,红军只一支部队,打破一次“围剿”要准备迅速的连续的作战;第三,白军各个虽然分进,但多是比较地密集,打它们中间的一个如果不能迅速地解决战斗,其余各个就都来了。为了这些理由,不能不实行速决战。对于我们,几小时,一天或两天解决一个战斗是经常的。只有在“围城打援”的方针下,目的不在打围敌,而在打援敌,对围敌作战是准备着相当地持久的,但对援敌仍然是速决。战略防御时固守钳制方面的据点,战略进攻时打孤立无援之敌,消灭根据地中的白色据点,这些时候也常常给予战役或战斗以持久方针。然而这些持久战,只是帮助而并不妨碍主力红军的速决战。
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