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神秘“明码电报”:长征中红军险些分裂的一段历史

2016-12-23 15:00:11   

战争时期,通信联络都需要按照既定的密码表进行加密收发,这是简单的军事常识。但在红军长征中,却发生了中共中央与红2、6军团之间用不加密的明码电报联络的事情。这份不同寻常的明码电报的背后,反映了长征中红军险些分裂的一段历史。

1935年6月,红2、6军团与中共中央、中革军委失去了通信联络。据红2、6军团总指挥部电台报务员龙振彪回忆:在军事情况最严重的关头,我们2、6军团同中央的电波联络突然中断了。6月22日,我们长时间收听和呼叫中央台都没有听到对方(回音),以后几个月也如此。

这到底是为什么?

原来,1935年6月中央红军和红四方面军在四川懋功会师后,中共中央决定分左、右两路北上。率左路军行动的张国焘拒不执行命令,密电右路军政委陈昌浩率军南下,提出“彻底开展党内斗争”,企图分裂红军。在这危险时刻,为避免红军内部发生冲突,1935年9月9日,中共中央决定单独率右路军中的红1、红3军和军委纵队先行北上。但是,因为朱德与红军总参谋长刘伯承随张国焘和左路军一起行动,红军总部及其通讯的电报密码也为张国焘控制。没有密码,就导致了北上的中共中央与红2、6军团失去联系。

根据中央政治局会议决定,军委副主席周恩来只得用明码发电以图恢复与红2、6军团的联系。此时,蒋介石正调集兵力,企图把红2、6军团消灭在龙山、永顺、桑植地区。

9月29日,贺龙、任弼时突然收到周恩来用明码发给任弼时的电报:“弼兄,我们已到陕北,密留老四处。弟豪。”豪,即伍豪,周恩来的化名。老四,即红四方面军。周恩来的意思是中央红军已经抵达陕北,但密码被红四方面军的张国焘控制。

好不容易接到中央来电,贺龙和任弼时喜出望外,但却不明白周恩来明码电报中隐含的意思,同时又担心这是敌人的花招。为慎重起见,当晚,贺龙和任弼时联名用密码电报致电周恩来:“你们现在何处?久失联系,请于来电对此间省委委员姓名说明,以证明我们的关系。”

由于周恩来没有密码,贺、任二人的电报,又落到了张国焘手上。张国焘接到电报后,喜不自禁,第二天即回电:“29日来电收到。你们省委弼时书记,贺龙、夏曦、关向应、萧克、王震等委员。一、四方面军6月在懋功会合行动,中央任国焘为总政委,我们今后应互相密切联络。”电报落款为“朱、张”。

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