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退却终点,在根据地可以大体上分为前部、中部、后部三种。然而是不是根本拒绝在白区作战呢?不是的。我们拒绝在白区作战,仅仅指的对付敌军大规模“围剿”。敌我强弱悬殊,我们在保存军力待机破敌的原则下,才主张向根据地退却,主张诱敌深入,因为只有这样做才能造成或发现利于反攻的条件。如果情况并不这样严重,或者情况的严重性简直使红军连在根据地也无法开始反攻,或者反攻不利需要再退以求局势之变化时,那末,把退却终点选在白区也是应该承认的,至少在理论上是应该承认的,虽然我们过去很少这种经验。
白区退却终点大体上也可分为三种:第一是在根据地前面,第二在根据地侧面,第三在根据地后面。第一种终点,例如江西第一次反“围剿”时,如果红军没有内部不统一和地方党的分裂,即立三路线和AB团(42)两个困难问题存在,是可以设想在吉安、南丰、樟树三点之间集中兵力举行反攻的。因为当时从赣抚两河间(43)前进的敌人军力,比起红军来优势并不很大(十万对四万)。人民条件虽不如根据地,但阵地条件是有的,而且是可以乘敌分路前进时各个把他击破的。第二种终点,例如江西第三次反“围剿”时,假如当时敌人进攻的规模没有那样大,而敌有一路从闽赣交界的建宁、黎川、泰宁前进,这一路的力量又适合于我们的攻击时,也可以设想红军就在福建西部的白区集中,首先打破此敌,不必绕道千里走瑞金到兴国。第三种终点,同样例如上述江西第三次反“围剿”时,假如敌之主力不是向西而是向南,我们也许被迫着退到会昌、寻乌、安远地区(那里是白色区域),引敌更向南进,然后红军由南而北向根据地内部打去,这时北面根据地内部的敌军当不是很多的了。但以上这些说明都是假定,没有经验,可以作为特殊的东西看待,不可作一般原则看待。对于我们,当敌举行大规模“围剿”时,一般的原则是诱敌深入,是退却到根据地作战,因为这是使我们最有把握地打破敌人进攻的办法。
主张“御敌于国门之外”的人们,反对战略退却,理由是退却丧失土地,危害人民(所谓“打烂坛坛罐罐”),对外也产生不良影响。在第五次反“围剿”中,则谓我退一步,敌之堡垒推进一步,根据地日蹙而无法恢复。如果说诱敌深入在以前是有用的,那末在堡垒主义的第五次“围剿”是无用的。对付第五次“围剿”,只能用分兵抵御和短促突击的方法。
回答这些意见是容易的,我们的历史已经回答了。关于丧失土地的问题,常有这样的情形,就是只有丧失才能不丧失,这是“将欲取之必先与之”(44)的原则。如果我们丧失的是土地,而取得的是战胜敌人,加恢复土地,再加扩大土地,这是赚钱生意。市场交易,买者如果不丧失金钱,就不能取得货物;卖者如果不丧失货物,也不能取得金钱。革命运动所造成的丧失是破坏,而其取得是进步的建设。睡眠和休息丧失了时间,却取得了明天工作的精力。如果有什么蠢人,不知此理,拒绝睡觉,他明天就没有精神了,这是蚀本生意。我们在敌人第五次“围剿”时期的蚀本正因为这一点。不愿意丧失一部分土地,结果丧失了全部土地。阿比西尼亚(45)的打硬仗,也得到丧失全国的结果,虽然阿国失败的原因不仅仅这一点。
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