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毛泽东:如果国民党军也学红军长征 一定会被消灭

2016-10-21 16:24:07   许述

危害人民的问题同此道理。不在一部分人民家中一时地打烂些坛坛罐罐,就要使全体人民长期地打烂坛坛罐罐。惧怕一时的不良的政治影响,就要以长期的不良影响做代价。十月革命后,俄国布尔什维克如果依照“左派共产主义者”的意见拒绝对德和约时,新生的苏维埃就有夭折的危险。

这种看起来好像革命的“左”倾意见,来源于小资产阶级知识分子的革命急躁病,同时也来源于农民小生产者的局部保守性。他们看问题仅从一局部出发,没有能力通观全局,不愿把今天的利益和明天的利益相联结,把部分利益和全体利益相联结,捉住一局部一时间的东西死也不放。对的,一切依照当时具体情况看来对于当时的全局和全时期有利益的、尤其是有决定意义的一局部和一时间,是应该捉住不放的,不然我们就变成自流主义,或放任主义。退却要有终点,就是这个道理。然而这绝不能依靠小生产者的近视。我们应该学习的是布尔什维克的聪明。我们的眼力不够,应该借助于望远镜和显微镜。马克思主义的方法就是政治上军事上的望远镜和显微镜。

当然,战略退却是有困难的。退却开始时机的选择,退却终点的选择,政治上对干部和人民的说服,都是困难问题,都必须给予解决。

退却开始时机的问题是具有重要意义的。我们在江西第一次反“围剿”时的退却,如果不恰在那种时机,即是说如果再迟,那至少我们胜利的程度是要受到影响的。退却过早和过迟,当然都有损失。但是一般地说来,过迟的损失较之过早为大。及时退却,使自己完全立于主动地位,这对于到达退却终点以后,整顿队势,以逸待劳地转入反攻,有极大的影响。江西粉碎敌人第一次、第二次、第四次“围剿”的战役,都从容不迫地对付了敌人。惟独第三次战役,因为不料敌人经过第二次战役那么惨败之后,新的进攻来得那么快(一九三一年五月三十一日我们结束第二次反“围剿”的作战,七月一日蒋介石就开始了他们的第三次“围剿”),红军仓卒地绕道集中,就弄得十分疲劳。如何选择这个时机,全靠收集必要的材料,从敌我双方大势上去判断,和前面说过的选择准备阶段的开始时机所用的方法一样。

战略退却,在干部和人民还没有经验时,在军事领导的权威还没有达到把战略退却的决定权集中到最少数人乃至一个人的手里而为干部所信服的地步时,说服干部和人民的问题是一个十分困难的问题。由于干部没有经验,对于战略退却不相信,在第一次和第四次反“围剿”的初期,第五次反“围剿”的整期,在这个问题上都遭遇了很大的困难。第一次反“围剿”时,由于立三路线的影响,干部的意见,在没有被说服以前,不是退却而是进攻。第四次反“围剿”时,由于军事冒险主义的影响,干部的意见是反对准备。第五次反“围剿”时,干部的意见开头是继续军事冒险主义反对诱敌深入的观点,后来是变成了军事保守主义。张国焘路线不相信在藏人和回人(46)地区不能建立我们的根据地,直待碰壁以后方才相信,也是实例。经验对于干部是必需的,失败确是成功之母。但是虚心接受别人的经验也属必需,如果样样要待自己经验,否则固执己见拒不接受,这就是十足的“狭隘经验论”。我们的战争吃这种亏是不少的。

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