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毛泽东:如果国民党军也学红军长征 一定会被消灭

2016-10-21 16:24:07   许述

弱军对于强军作战的再一个必要条件,就是拣弱的打。然而当敌人开始进攻时,我们往往不知敌之分进各军何部最强,何部次强,何部最弱,何部次弱,需要一个侦察的过程。往往需要许多时间,才能达此目的。战略退却的所以必要,这也是一个理由。

如果进攻之敌在数量和强度上都超过我军甚远,我们要求强弱的对比发生变化,便只有等到敌人深入根据地,吃尽根据地的苦楚,如同第三次“围剿”时蒋介石某旅参谋长所说的“肥的拖瘦,瘦的拖死”,又如“围剿”军西路总司令陈铭枢所说的“国军处处黑暗,红军处处明亮”之时,才能达到目的。这种时候,敌军虽强,也大大减弱了;兵力疲劳,士气沮丧,许多弱点都暴露出来。红军虽弱,却养精蓄锐,以逸待劳。此时双方对比,往往能达到某种程度的均衡,或者敌军的绝对优势改变到相对优势,我军的绝对劣势改变到相对劣势,甚至有敌军劣于我军,而我军反优于敌军的事情。江西反对第三次“围剿”时,红军实行了一种极端的退却(红军集中于根据地后部),然而非此是不能战胜敌人的,因为当时的“围剿”军超过红军十倍以上。孙子说的“避其锐气,击其惰归”(41),就是指的使敌疲劳沮丧,以求减杀其优势。

退却的最后一个要求,是造成和发现敌人的过失。须知任何高明的敌军指挥员,在相当长时间中,要不发生一点过失,是不可能的,因此我们乘敌之隙的可能性,总是存在的。敌人会犯错误,正如我们自己有时也弄错,有时也授敌以可乘之隙一样。而且我们可以人工地造成敌军的过失,例如孙子所谓“示形”之类(示形于东而击于西,即所谓声东击西)。要这样做,退却的终点,就不能限定于某一地区。有时退到该地区还无隙可乘,便不得不再退几步,待敌发生可乘之“隙”。

退却所求的有利条件,大致如上所述。然而不是说,须待这些条件完全具备方能举行反攻。要同时具备这些条件是不可能的,而且也不必要。但依据敌人当前情势,争取若干必要条件,是以弱敌强的内线作战军队所应该注意的,在这上面的反对的意见是不正确的。

决定退却终点究在何处,须以整个形势作出发点。在局部形势看来有利于我转入反攻,如果不是同时在全体形势看来也对我有利时,则据此决定退却终点,就是不正确的。因为反攻的开始,必须计算到以后的变化,而我们的反攻总是从局部开始的。有时退却终点应该选在根据地的前部,例如江西第二次、第四次反“围剿”,陕甘第三次反“围剿”时。有时须在根据地的中部,例如江西第一次反“围剿”时。有时则在根据地的后部,例如江西第三次反“围剿”时。这些都是将局部形势联系到整个形势来决定的。江西第五次反“围剿”,我军全然不讲退却,原因在于对局部形势和整个形势都不注意,实在是一种鲁莽灭裂的干法。形势是由条件造成的;观察局部形势和整个形势的联系,应从当时敌我双方所具条件之见于局部的和见于全体的,是否在一定的限度上利于我之开始反攻以为断。

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