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毛泽东:如果国民党军也学红军长征 一定会被消灭

2016-10-21 16:24:07   许述

谁人不知,两个拳师放对,聪明的拳师往往退让一步,而蠢人则其势汹汹,辟头就使出全副本领,结果却往往被退让者打倒。

《水浒传》上的洪教头,在柴进家中要打林冲,连唤几个“来”“来”“来”,结果是退让的林冲看出洪教头的破绽,一脚踢翻了洪教头(27)。

春秋时候,鲁与齐(28)战,鲁庄公起初不待齐军疲惫就要出战,后来被曹刿阻止了,采取了“敌疲我打”的方针,打胜了齐军,造成了中国战史中弱军战胜强军的有名的战例。请看历史家左丘明(29)的叙述:“春,齐师伐我。公将战。曹刿请见。其乡人曰:肉食者谋之,又何间焉?刿曰:肉食者鄙,未能远谋。乃入见。问:何以战?公曰:衣食所安,弗敢专也,必以分人。对曰:小惠未遍,民弗从也。公曰:牺牲玉帛,弗敢加也,必以信。对曰:小信未孚,神弗福也。公曰:小大之狱,虽不能察,必以情。对曰:忠之属也。可以一战。战则请从。公与之乘。战于长勺。公将鼓之。刿曰:未可。齐人三鼓。刿曰:可矣。齐师败绩。公将驰之。刿曰:未可。下视其辙,登轼而望之,曰:可矣。遂逐齐师。既克,公问其故。对曰:夫战,勇气也。一鼓作气,再而衰,三而竭。彼竭我盈,故克之。夫大国难测也,惧有伏焉。吾视其辙乱,望其旗靡,故逐之。”(30) 当时的情况是弱国抵抗强国。文中指出了战前的政治准备——取信于民,叙述了利于转入反攻的阵地——长勺,叙述了利于开始反攻的时机——彼竭我盈之时,叙述了追击开始的时机——辙乱旗靡之时。虽然是一个不大的战役,却同时是说的战略防御的原则。中国战史中合此原则而取胜的实例是非常之多的。楚汉成皋之战(31)、新汉昆阳之战(32)、袁曹官渡之战(33)、吴魏赤壁之战(34)、吴蜀彝陵之战(35)、秦晋淝水之战(36)等等有名的大战,都是双方强弱不同,弱者先让一步,后发制人,因而战胜的。

我们的战争是从一九二七年秋天开始的,当时根本没有经验。南昌起义(37)、广州起义(38)是失败了,秋收起义(39)在湘鄂赣边界地区的部队,也打了几个败仗,转移到湘赣边界的井冈山地区。第二年四月,南昌起义失败后保存的部队,经过湘南也转到了井冈山。然而从一九二八年五月开始,适应当时情况的带着朴素性质的游击战争基本原则,已经产生出来了,那就是所谓“敌进我退,敌驻我扰,敌疲我打,敌退我追”的十六字诀。这个十六字诀的军事原则,立三路线以前的中央是承认了的。后来我们的作战原则有了进一步的发展。到了江西根据地第一次反“围剿”时,“诱敌深入”的方针提出来了,而且应用成功了。等到战胜敌人的第三次“围剿”,于是全部红军作战的原则就形成了。这时是军事原则的新发展阶段,内容大大丰富起来,形式也有了许多改变,主要地是超越了从前的朴素性,然而基本的原则,仍然是那个十六字诀。十六字诀包举了反“围剿”的基本原则,包举了战略防御和战略进攻的两个阶段,在防御时又包举了战略退却和战略反攻的两个阶段。后来的东西只是它的发展罢了。

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