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毛泽东:如果国民党军也学红军长征 一定会被消灭

2016-10-21 16:24:07   许述

我们过去的战争,整个地说来是向国民党进攻,然而在军事上采取了打破“围剿”的形式。

在军事上说来,我们的战争是防御和进攻的交替的应用。对于我们,说进攻是在防御之后,或说进攻是在防御之前都是可以的,因为关键在于打破“围剿”。“围剿”没有打破以前是防御,“围剿”一经打破就开始了进攻,仅仅是一件事情的两个阶段,而敌人的一次“围剿”和它的又一次“围剿”是衔接着的。这两个阶段中,防御的阶段比进攻的阶段更为复杂,更为重要。这个阶段包含着怎样打破“围剿”的许多问题。基本的原则是承认积极防御,反对消极防御。

从国内战争说,假如红军的力量超过了敌人时,那末,一般地就用不着战略防御了。那时的方针只是战略的进攻。这种改变,依靠于敌我力量的总的变动。到了那时,剩下的防御手段,只是局部的东西了。

第二节 反“围剿”的准备

对于敌人的一次有计划的“围剿”,如果我们没有必要的和充分的准备,必然陷入被动地位。临时仓卒应战,胜利的把握是没有的。因此,在和敌人准备“围剿”同时,进行我们的反“围剿”的准备,实有完全的必要。我们队伍中曾经发生过的反对准备的意见是幼稚可笑的。

这里有一个困难问题,容易发生争论。就是,何时结束自己的进攻,转入反“围剿”的准备阶段呢?因为当自己处在胜利的进攻中,敌人处在防御地位时,敌人的“围剿”准备是在秘密地进行的,我们难于知道他们将在何时开始进攻。我们准备反“围剿”的工作开始早了,不免减少进攻的利益,而且有时会给予红军和人民以若干不良的影响。因为准备阶段中的主要步骤,就是军事上的准备退却,和为着准备退却的政治上的动员。有时准备过早,会变为等待敌人;等了好久而敌人未来,不得不重新发动自己的进攻。有时我们的重新进攻刚在开始,又恰好遇到了敌人进攻的开始,把自己处在困难地位。所以开始准备的时机的选择,成为一个重要问题。断定这种时机,要从敌我双方情况和二者间的关系着眼。为着了解敌人的情况,须从敌人方面的政治、军事、财政和社会舆论等方面搜集材料。分析这些材料的时候,要足够地估计敌人的整个力量,不可夸大敌人过去失败的程度,但也决不可不估计到敌人内部的矛盾,财政的困难,过去失败的影响等等。对自己方面,不可夸大过去胜利的程度,但也决不可不足够地估计到过去胜利的影响。

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