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丧失根据地的最显著的例子,是在反对第五次“围剿”中丧失了江西中央根据地。这里的错误是从右倾的观点产生的。领导者们畏敌如虎,处处设防,节节抵御,不敢举行本来有利的向敌人后方打去的进攻,也不敢大胆放手诱敌深入,聚而歼之,结果丧失了整个根据地,使红军做了一万二千多公里的长征。然而这种错误,往往有一种“左”倾轻敌的错误为之先行。一九三二年进攻中心城市的军事冒险主义,正是后来在对付敌人第五次“围剿”中采取消极防御路线的根源。
为敌人吓倒的极端的例子,是退却主义的“张国焘路线”。红军第四方面军的西路军在黄河以西的失败(25),是这个路线的最后的破产。
积极防御,又叫攻势防御,又叫决战防御。消极防御,又叫专守防御,又叫单纯防御。消极防御实际上是假防御,只有积极防御才是真防御,才是为了反攻和进攻的防御。据我所知,任何一本有价值的军事书,任何一个比较聪明的军事家,而且无论古今中外,无论战略战术,没有不反对消极防御的。只有最愚蠢的人,或者最狂妄的人,才捧了消极防御当法宝。然而世上偏有这样的人,做出这样的事。这是战争中的过失,是保守主义在军事上的表现,我们应该坚决地反对它。
后起而且发展得很快的帝国主义国家,即德日两国的军事家中,积极地鼓吹战略进攻的利益,反对战略防御。这种思想,是根本不合于中国革命战争的。德日帝国主义的军事家们指出防御的一个重要的弱点是不能振奋人心,反而使人心动摇。这是说的阶级矛盾剧烈,而战争的利益仅仅属于反动的统治阶层乃至反动的当权政派的那种国家。我们的情况不同。在保卫革命根据地和保卫中国的口号下,我们能够团结最大多数人民万众一心地作战,因为我们是被压迫者和被侵略者。苏联内战时期的红军也是在防御形式之下战胜敌人的。他们的战争不但在帝国主义各国组织白党进攻时,是在保卫苏维埃的口号下进行的,就是在十月起义的准备时期,也是在保卫首都的口号下进行军事动员的。一切正义战争的防御战,不但有麻痹政治上异己分子的作用,而且可以动员落后的人民群众加入到战争中来。
马克思说的武装起义之后一刻也不应该停止进攻(26),这是说乘敌不备而突然起义的群众,应该不让反动的统治者有保守政权或恢复政权的机会,趁此一瞬间把国内反动的统治势力打个措手不及,而不要满足于已得的胜利,轻视敌人,放松对于敌人的进攻,或者畏缩不前,坐失消灭敌人的时机,招致革命的失败。这是正确的。然而不是说,敌我双方已在军事对抗中,而且敌人是优势,当受敌人压迫时,革命党人也不应该采取防御手段。如果这样想,那就是第一号的傻子。
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