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毛泽东:如果国民党军也学红军长征 一定会被消灭

2016-10-21 16:24:07   许述

“围剿”反复的形式何时结束?据我看来,如果内战延长的话,那是在敌我强弱对比起了根本变化之时。如果红军一旦改变到比自己的敌人更为强大时,那末,这个反复就结束了。那时是我们围剿敌人,敌人则企图反围剿,但是政治和军事的条件将不允许敌人获得如同红军一样的反“围剿”的地位。那时,“围剿”反复这种形式,即使不说完全结束,但是一般的结束是可以断言的。

第五章 战略防御

这个题目中,我想说明下列各问题:(一)积极防御和消极防御;(二)反“围剿”的准备;(三)战略退却;(四)战略反攻;(五)反攻开始问题;(六)集中兵力问题;(七)运动战;(八)速决战;(九)歼灭战。

第一节 积极防御和消极防御

为什么从防御说起呢?一九二四年至一九二七年的中国第一次民族统一战线失败后,革命成了极深刻极残酷的阶级战争。敌人是全国的统治者,我们只有一点小部队,因此,我们一开始就是和敌人的“围剿”奋斗。我们的进攻是密切地联系于打破“围剿”的,我们发展的命运全看我们能不能打破“围剿”。打破“围剿”的过程往往是迂回曲折的,不是径情直遂的。首先而且严重的问题,是如何保存力量,待机破敌。所以,战略防御问题成为红军作战中最复杂和最重要的问题。

在我们的十年战争中,对于战略防御问题,常常发生两种偏向,一种是轻视敌人,又一种是为敌人所吓倒。

由于轻视敌人,许多游击队失败了,红军对若干次敌人的“围剿”不能打破。革命的游击队初起,领导者对于敌我形势往往看得不正确。他们看见自己在一个地方用突然的武装起义胜利了,或从白军中哗变出来了,一时的环境很顺利,或者虽有严重的环境而看不到,因此往往轻视敌人。另一方面,对自己的弱点(没有经验,力量弱小),也不了解。敌强我弱,原是客观地存在的现象,可是人们不愿意想一想,一味只讲进攻,不讲防御和退却,在精神上解除了防御的武装,因而把行动引到错误的方向。许多游击队因此失败了。

红军因为和这同样的原因不能打破“围剿”的例子,则有一九二八年广东海陆丰区域的红军的失败(24),以及一九三二年鄂豫皖边区的红军,在所谓国民党偏师说的指导之下,使得反对第四次“围剿”丧失了措置裕如的能力的事实。

为敌人吓倒而受挫折的例子,是很多的。和轻敌者相反,人们太看重了敌人,太看轻了自己,因而采取了非必要的退却方针,精神上同样地解除了防御的武装。其结果或者是游击队失败,或者是红军的某些战役失败,或者是根据地丧失。

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