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解码长征:红军翻越雪山为什么难?

2016-09-12 14:28:40   人民网

这是红军长征时经过的雪山——川康边界的夹金山(资料照片)。新华社发

青藏高原东部的川康边界地区,横亘着许多高大山系,雪山连绵,积雪终年不化。三大主力红军长征途中,翻越了夹金山、梦笔山、长板山、打鼓山、拖罗岗、折多山、哈巴雪山等几十座雪山,很多红军战士牺牲在雪山上。

翻越雪山为什么难?一是雪山地区恶劣的自然环境,二是红军饥饿、身体羸弱和御寒衣物缺乏等原因。

雪山地区恶劣的自然环境

天气寒冷、空气稀薄、雨雪交加、道路艰险,是雪山地区自然环境的主要特征。以中央红军和红四方面军翻越的夹金山为例,其位于四川省西部,海拔约4500米,终年积雪,空气稀薄,没有道路,没有人烟,天气变幻无常,时阴时晴,时雨时雪,忽而冰雹骤降,忽而狂风大作,有“神山”之称。杨得志回忆道:“这里气候多变,反复无常,明明是太阳当头,万里无云,一阵急风便搅得雪雾弥漫,使人头昏眼花。这样寒冷的气候和神话般的情景,不要说盛夏六月,十冬腊月在南方也是绝对没有的。”

聂荣臻在回忆翻越夹金山时写道:“上午爬山,开始是原始森林,一片片,一丛丛,铺撒在浩瀚的六月雪中,奇特的景色把人们的注意力吸引住了,大家劲头很足。但一过中午,天气骤变,先是大雾,随后是毛毛细雨,转眼又变成了霏霏白雪,随风狂舞,红军战士一个个都变成了雪人。尤其到了傍晚,天气奇冷,我们把能穿的都穿在身上。”

再如红2、红6军团翻越的哈巴雪山,其位于横断山脉南端,到处是被金沙江、澜沧江激流冲刷而成的沟壑峡谷,陡峭异常。许多雪峰海拔5000多米,主峰则高达5500米以上。寒风吹起山上积雪,宛如一条玉龙在天际飞舞。红四方面军在西进甘孜途中翻越了横亘在丹巴、道孚之间的党岭山。党岭山为折多山主峰,海拔5000米左右,上山下山约100公里。当时处于最寒冷的季节,翻越党岭山途中,风雪无情地向着饥饿、寒冷和疲乏的红军队伍扑来。

《朱德传》中记载:“部队迎着风雪,向直插云天的陡峭冰峰攀登。越往上路越陡越滑,空气越稀薄,越觉得喘不过气,头晕脑胀、四肢无力。到山顶时已是中午,但太阳完全被遮住,加上风雪弥漫。就像傍晚一样昏暗。接着便是漫漫长夜,狂风雪浪一阵阵袭来,不少战士被暴风雪吞噬。”

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