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中央红军在长征途中根据战争形势的变化,对战略方向进行了多次调整,最终才做出“落脚陕北”的战略决策。这里说的战略方向,或称战略方针、战略目标,也可以称进军方向。这里以遵义会议、懋功会师为分界点,对其间战略方向的重要调整情况进行梳理和分析。
■遵义会议以前的几次战略方向调整
中央红军西征突围时的战略方向是到湘西,与在那里的红二、六军团会合。这可以视为第一次确定的战略方向。
第二次是通道转兵。中央红军西征突围过敌人第一、二、三道封锁线时,因同“南天王”陈济棠的粤军签了停战协议,比较顺利。1934年11月底突破湘江沿线第四道封锁线时,遇到凶猛阻击,红军损失惨重。从西征出发时的八万多人锐减到三万多人。这时红军已经失去了到湘西同二、六军团会合的先机,陷入了困境。过了老山界,前进到通道地区时,红军得到情报,蒋介石已经识破了中央红军前往湘西的战略意图,在湖南、贵州集结了五六倍于红军的强大兵力,设了四道防线,形成一个大口袋,等红军去钻。洛甫(张闻天)了解战局变化后即同毛泽东商量解决危局的对策。洛同毛、王(稼祥)一起向周恩来提出:在去湘西的路上老蒋已设重兵,原定前往湘西与二、六军团会合的先机已失,建议向敌薄弱之贵州进军,建立川黔边根据地。1934年12月12日,在湖南通道县城举行中央领导人紧急会议——通道会议,决定改变原定行动方针,向贵州进军。中革军委即于19点30分发布红军于13日入黔的命令。但博古、李德仍然固执己见,否定多数人的决定,重又命令各军团按与二、六军团会合的方针行动。经过斗争,14日中革军委重又命令红军夺取贵州的黎平、锦平,开辟前进道路。
第三次调整是黎平决策。1934年12月15日,红军占领黎平。18日在黎平城内,周恩来主持中央政治局会议,再次讨论战略方针问题。会上,毛、洛和李、博进行了激烈争论。毛、洛、王的意见被黎平中央政治局会议接受。会议做出《关于战略方针之决定》,否定了李德、博古等要中央红军到湘西与二、六军团会合,在湘西建立根据地的方针,也否定了有人提出的折入黔西的主张,通过了毛、洛、王在通道地区就已提出并得到周支持的战略方针,决定在“川黔边区地区,在最初应以遵义为中心之地区”,建立新的根据地。黎平会议还作出一项重要决定:召开遵义会议——到遵义地区后,中央政治局开会总结第五次反“围剿”以来军事指挥上的经验教训。
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