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朝鲜皇室的“反清复明”计划

2016-01-13 16:54:26   人民网

为了北伐,孝宗首先采取措施,扩军备战。驻汉城的都城御营厅军由7000人增加到21000人。禁军由600名增加到1000名,全部改编为骑兵。御营厅增加了大炮攻坚部队,还计划将守卫汉城的训练都监军增加10000名,御营厅军增加20000名。由于财政困难,未能实现(韩国姜万吉《韩国近代史》)。

李朝君臣确信“胡人无百年之运”的儒家格言,将地震、彗星等自然灾害视为清朝灭亡的征兆,对南明政权、吴三桂和三藩分裂势力、台湾郑成功、准噶尔蒙古等反清势力寄予厚望,准备派使臣渡海联络,策划夹击清朝。台湾郑氏多次请日本联合出师伐清复明,朝鲜对曰郑联合乐观其成,甚至建议“假道朝鲜,出送援兵”(《仁祖大王实录》)。李湨的儿子显宗李棚(音“渊”)和孙子肃宗李焯(音“吞”),对联日伐清之事也很积极。1650年,李溟向清廷奏报“日本近以密书示通事,情形可畏,请筑城训练为守御计”,企图以防御日本为由扩军备战。清朝警觉到朝、日、南明联手组成军事同盟的危险,于是派遣密使前往朝鲜核实情况。结果查明朝鲜与日本素租好,奏折不实,顺治皇帝下诏斥责朝鲜国王,罢其用事大臣。这就是朝鲜历史上有名的“六使诘责”事件。

由于朝鲜财政困难,军备薄弱,北伐大计难以实施。而且由于新兴的清朝连续有顺治、康熙两位励精图治的皇帝,不仅巩固了全国的统一,而且为中国社会经济文化的全面繁荣奠定了基础。朝鲜反清派期望的汉民族武装反抗、清朝统治土崩瓦解局面一直没有实现。1683年,清朝统一台湾,南明残存势力灭亡,影响中、朝、日关系的不确定因素消失,作为实际行动纲领的朝鲜北伐计划寿终正寝。朝鲜没有介入中国内战,也没有铤而走险联合日本跨过鸭绿江入侵辽沈,冒犯正处于全面上升和旺盛时期的新兴满洲军事强权。这是朝鲜的大幸,否则后果将不堪设想。

北伐虽没有成为事实,但是加重了朝鲜的财政负担,延缓了中朝关系改善的步伐。朝鲜的北伐论者不想肯定中国在清朝统治下的文化和经济先进性,以后还几乎全面封锁了对中国文化的引进。

明朝灭亡后,李朝王室一直进行各种追思活动,仁祖不忘宫中焚香望阙之礼。1704年甲申,明朝灭亡60周年,李朝肃宗自宜春门诣禁苑坛,以太牢祭祀崇祯皇帝。又命汉城府在后苑春塘台设“大报坛”,祭祀神宗皇帝。“大报”出于《礼记》郊特牲,是郊天之义,且兼有报德之意。1749年(乾隆十四年)又以明朝太祖、神宗、毅宗并享大报坛,并于三帝即位、忌辰日行望拜礼。这种祭祀活动每年进行,直到李朝末年。

朝鲜对清朝的鄙视仇恨和恪守藩属朝贡制度同时并存,且反清复明计划和北伐准备是在隐蔽状态下进行的,清朝政府知之甚少。由于以追求实利为标准的外交传统始终在朝鲜起作用,清政府又主动采取种种善意举措,1683年清朝统一台湾后,中朝关系终于进入了稳定发展的时期。

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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