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朝鲜皇室的“反清复明”计划

2016-01-13 16:54:26   人民网

本文原载于《百家讲坛》2008年第24期,原题为:“朝鲜皇室的‘反清复明’计划”

朝鲜李朝孝宗忠宣大王李湨,早年跟他哥哥朝鲜昭显世子一起,曾经被入侵朝鲜的皇太极掳到盛京当了很久的人质。1644年,明朝灭亡,清朝入关,定鼎中原。十一月初九,清朝摄政王多尔衮在北京紫禁城武英殿召见作为人质的昭显世子李澄(李溟的哥哥,当时的朝鲜王储)和风林大君(李误),说:“未得北京以前,两国不无疑阻。今则大事已定,彼此一以诚信相孚。且世子以东国储君,不可久居于此,今宜永还本国。凤林大君则姑留与麟坪大君相替往来……”同时,清朝还宣布减少朝鲜的岁贡币物。

1645年三月,久居满清做人质的昭显世子返回汉城,随行清使勒令朝鲜仁祖李傢出城迎接“天使”到来。忠于明朝的朝鲜两班朝臣士大夫对此心生忌恨。五月二十一日,昭显世子虽被宫人在饵饼中下毒,暴毙于昌德宫中。李傢心知肚明,但是讳言此事,怕多尔衮深究,向清朝上报“世子病亡”。六月初七,被多尔衮释放的风林大君回到汉城。昭显世子在清廷为质近十年,历尽艰险,亲眼目睹了明亡清兴这段波澜壮阔的历史,积累了处理朝清关系的丰富经验。多尔衮对其去世“深为惊悼”,并对其暴毙颇感可疑,但是在朝鲜使臣众口一词的“确系病殪”的说辞下,也不得不信,1645年十一月十四日,清朝册封李湨为朝鲜世子。

送还质子,减少岁贡,本是清朝为缓和两国关系而为,但是经过1627年和1636年的两次战争,朝鲜对清朝产生了很深的民族仇恨。在朝鲜一方,明朝灭亡本是调整对清朝外交政策的良机,但是,反清分子利用朝鲜民族对满族的仇恨心理,推行名分主义的外交,延缓了两国关系的改善。

朝鲜李朝视清朝为犬羊夷狄,私下称清帝为“胡皇”,称清使为“虏使”。除对清朝的公文贺表之外,一切内部公文,包括王陵、宗庙、文庙祭享祝文,仍用崇祯年号。朝鲜的《仁祖庄穆大王实录》,在明亡前用崇祯年号,在明亡后用干支纪年和国王在位年号。在仁祖之后的历代朝鲜国王《实录》,只书千支纪年和国王在位纪年。至于私人著述,直到清末,仍有人书写崇祯年号,以至于竟然有“崇祯二百六十五年”的纪年。历代封建统治者和儒家最看重的“正朔’问题,朝鲜就是这样处理的。

当时朝鲜君臣认为:“我朝三百年来,服事大明,其情其义,固不暇言。而神宗皇帝(明神宗万历皇帝朱翊钧)再造之恩自开辟以来,亦禾闻于载籍者。宣祖大王所谓义则君臣,恩犹父子,实是真诚痛切语也。”李朝孝宗则以光复大明天下为己任,倡议北伐。他对大臣说:“群臣皆欲予勿治兵,而予固不听者,天时人事,不知何日是好机会来时。故欲养精兵十万,爱恤如子,皆为敢死之卒,然后待其有衅,出其不意,直抵关外,则中原义士豪杰,岂无响应者!”对大臣“万一蹉跎,有覆亡之祸,则奈何”的担心,他说:“以大志举大事,岂可保其万全也。大义则明,则覆亡何愧,益有光举于天下万世也。且天意有在,子以为似无覆亡之虞也。”

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