春节礼俗及其文化精神

2019-01-30 09:50:48    光明网-《光明日报》

关于春节的礼俗,无论是经典文献,还是地方志书,都有大量记载。如《吕氏春秋》卷一《孟春纪》称:立春之日,天子亲率三公、九卿、诸侯、大夫,以迎春于东郊;还乃赏公卿、诸侯、大夫于朝;命相布德和令,行庆施惠,下及兆民。庆赐遂行,无有不当。乃命太史守典奉法,司天日月星辰之行,宿离不忒,无失经纪,以初为常。是月也,天子乃以元日祈谷于上帝;乃择元辰,天子亲载耒耜措之,参于保介之御间;率三公、九卿、诸侯、大夫躬耕。帝籍田,天子三推,三公五推,卿、诸侯、大夫九推。反执爵于太寝,三公、九卿、诸侯、大夫,皆御命曰劳酒。

以上这段话主要讲了三件事:第一,在立春节气,天子亲自率领朝廷要员,到京畿东郊去举行“迎春”祭典。东郊祭祀完毕,天子赏赐参加祭祀典礼的官员,发布蕴含阳德与柔和精神的指令,广泛布施,惠及百姓。第二,诏命太史官保管好文献经籍,制定历法。要求太史官仰观天象,明了日月星辰的运行轨迹,使历法的制定准确无误,让星象位置与运行周期的记录成为往后的遵循。第三,在正月元日,举行开春的“籍田”典礼。其目的是祈求上天赐予五谷丰登。“籍田”仪式之后,天子率众回到太寝祖庙,赐酒予众官,开怀畅饮。从其叙述的语境来看,立春可能是前一年的十二月,从那一天开始,一直到正月元日,朝廷举行了一系列的典礼活动。

《吕氏春秋》上述记载的是先秦以前的情况,反映了上古社会对农耕的高度重视。秦汉以来,随着社会经济的发展变迁,古老的“籍田”仪式逐渐淡化,而“岁旦”之日的礼仪则不断增加新内容。尤其是从汉代开始,岁旦节庆逐渐体现出道教的文化色彩。南北朝时宗懔撰《荆楚岁时记》提到了正月一日,要有“爆竹”“桃板”“门神”等。唐代的韩鄂撰《四时纂要》卷一也有类似记载,其中所谓“爆竹”,首见于《神异经》,该书旧题东方朔撰,此人被道教列入仙谱,《列仙传》《历世真仙体道通鉴》均有东方朔之传,故其书所言“爆竹”当出自道教。道教的桃符也逐渐演变为书写祝语的楹联,成为先民们过年时避凶迎祥的象征。在桃符、爆竹流行的过程中,道教承袭于远古的灶神信仰、玉皇大帝信仰以及体现“天地水”崇拜的“三官信仰”也在民间社会扎根。过年前的“送灶神”、过年后的“迎灶神”“接财神”、正月初九的“天公节”,以及正月十五的“元宵节”都有着道教文化烙印。汉代以来的“灶神”,被道教奉为“司命灶君”,主管着家家户户的命籍,攸关生死存亡;道教的玉皇大帝成为正月初九“天公节”仪典中的主要祭拜对象;作为春节仪典尾声的“元宵节”同时也是道教祭拜“三官大帝”的上元节。

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