春节礼俗及其文化精神

2019-01-30 09:50:48    光明网-《光明日报》

  【专家论坛】

作者:詹石窗(国家社会科学基金重大项目“百年道家与道教研究著作提要集成”首席专家、四川大学教授)

作为中华民族的重要传统节日,春节向来颇受关注,关于它的研究成果也很丰富,有的描述其过程,有的介绍其礼仪,有的探讨其影响,角度不同,内容多样。这些都为人们更全面地了解春节扩展了视野、提供了帮助。然而,春节到底是从什么时候开始的?它是如何演变的?我们应如何把握其文化精神?这些问题仍然有待深入探讨。

“春节”一词,最早见于汉代扬雄撰、晋代范望注的《太玄经》卷一之《差》的注文中。其略云:行属于火,谓之差者,立春节……当然,《太玄经》所谓“春节”还不是我们今天作为一年开始的正月初一,而是二十四节气中的“立春”这个节气。由于这个节气标志着阳气由弱而强、由衰而盛的转折,古人对其特别重视,而后逐渐延展开来,形成了系统的历法礼仪。

关于“月正”问题,史上有不同描述。汉代孔安国传、唐代孔颖达疏的《尚书注疏》卷三记载了三国时期王肃的看法:“殷周改正,易民视听,自夏已上,皆以建寅为正。”意思是讲,殷、周改了历法,只是为了让人们一新耳目,其实在夏朝以前都以正月建寅。王肃所谓夏朝以前,到底可以推到什么时代?孔颖达等经学家们推到了尧舜;但司马迁《史记·五帝本纪》有言:黄帝乃“顺天地之纪”,《史记正义》进一步说“顺天地阴阳四时之纪”。根据《尚书·洪范》的解释,“历数”就是历法,具体而言即推算岁时节气的次序。如何推算?从现有史料看,也就是通过天干、地支的组合,来标识年月日时。张守节《史记正义》尚称,“黄帝受神筴,命大挠造甲子,容成造历”。由此可见,以天干、地支为组合元素的历法模式产生于黄帝时代是有案可稽的。既然如此,也就有了每年的“元日”或“岁旦”。尽管今天我们难于知晓黄帝时期如何命名岁首,但那个时代创造的历法模式却为后来的春节礼俗奠定了基础。

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