冬至大如年 “数九”热闹过

2018-12-21 16:21:55    

(文/刘疆)又到一年冬至,北京人讲究在这一天要吃饺子,还有“数九”过冬的习俗,不少人可能还记得那首《数九歌》:“一九二九不出手,三九四九冰上走,五九六九沿河看柳,七九河开,八九雁来,九九加一九,耕牛遍地走。”所谓“数九”,就是从冬至日算起,每九天算一“九”,一直数到“九九”八十一天,天气就暖和了。冬至以后,为了抵抗寒冷、迎接一年新春,古人们将冬至过成了“小春节”,宫廷贵族、百官士人、平民百姓都有各自的办法来热闹过冬,这也就是所谓的“冬至大如年”……

冬至为何“大如年”

祭天祭祖摆宴席走亲访友送好礼

冬至是二十四节气中的第二十二个节气。这一天太阳运行至黄经270度,直射地面的位置达到南回归线,对于北半球来说最为倾斜。因此冬至日为北半球白昼最短,黑夜最长的一天,之后白昼逐渐变长,黑夜逐渐变短。古人对这一变化早有认识,认为冬至这天寓意着阴阳交替,非常重视这个节气。汉代的《淮南子》中就有“日冬至则斗北中绳,阴气极,阳气萌”的说法。因而在古代,冬至既是节气,也是重要的传统节日,称为“冬节”、“至节”、“亚岁节”等,有“冬至大如年”的说法。

古人在冬至时要举行祭天仪式。《周礼注疏》有“冬至祭天于圜丘”的说法,唐宋期间,也遵循着冬至圜丘祭天的礼制,这个习俗一直延续到明清。北京天坛的圜丘自嘉靖九年(1530年)建成后,于清乾隆十四年(1749年)扩建,始终是明清两代帝王冬至祭天的场所。

除了祭天仪式外,古人还会在冬至的时候祭祖、拜会亲友,其热闹场景好比过年。据汉代的《四民月令》记载:“有冬至之日,荐黍羔。先荐玄冥,以及祖祢。其进酒肴,及谒贺君师耆老,一如元旦。”而庆祝冬至的习俗在宋代最为流行,如宋代周密《武林旧事》便有“冬至”条目:“朝廷大朝会庆贺排当,并如元正仪。”而在这一天民间也极为热闹:“车马皆华整鲜好,五鼓已填拥杂于九街。妇人小儿,服饰华炫,往来如云。店肆皆罢市,垂帘饮博,谓之‘做节’。”俨然是热闹的“小长假”。宋代诗人陆游在《辛酉冬至》诗中写道:“今日日南至,吾门方寂然。家贫轻过节,身老怯增年。毕祭皆扶拜,分盘独早眠。惟应探春梦,已绕镜湖边。”即便是年老家贫,也要在别人的搀扶下完成祭拜,足见古人对冬至的重视。而颜度的《冬至》诗更有意思:“至节家家讲物仪,迎来送去费心机。脚钱尽处浑闲事,原物多时却再归。”冬至节大家都互相送礼庆贺,可是送出去的礼物最终转了一圈又被送了回来,白白花费了路费钱,此诗在讽刺了送礼的形式主义时,也侧面反映了古时冬至节的热闹程度。

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