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化解医保支出压力,别先打民众主意

2016-01-12 15:58:29   新华网

据报道,随着医疗费用上涨,医保基金支出中长期压力开始显现,从筹资机制来看,财政补助已经占到筹资总额的四分之三左右。为此有专家建议,居民医保存在“泛福利化”倾向,未来应逐步调升个人的医保缴费标准,建立财政补贴与个人缴费的合理分担机制。

建立合理分担的医保筹资机制,解决医保基金可持续性差的弊端无可非议。但是,能否通过提高居民个人缴费水平的方式达到预期目标令人怀疑。

居民医保的主体是老年人、儿童与学生,本就缺少赚钱能力,提高其缴费标准带来的压力,有可能迫使部分本属弱势群体的参保者不再缴费,降低参保率,使居民医保制度覆盖率下降。此外,不同地区的居民医保的个人缴费标准应提高到什么水平才叫合理分担筹资,如何甄别并免除困难群体的调升业务,是否需要引入通胀参数合理设置个人缴费调升比例,防止因病致贫、因病返贫大面积出现,也缺乏系统性支持。这些都可能导致居民医保偏离设计初衷。

而尤其令人忧虑的,是对居民医保“泛福利化”的评估。在一定程度上,这是调升居民医保个人缴费比例的主要依据。居民医保主要针对城镇老人儿童,本就兼具市场调节和福利性质,部分体现着政府对特定群体的关怀。假如从财政支出压力的角度,就认定有“泛福利化”倾向,就担心“有滑向福利制度的危险”,那么养老金支出潜在缺口更大,许多地区职工医保累计结余均达不到备付“6到9个月”要求,一些中西部地区医保基金已出现收不抵支风险,其缘由是不是都可以简单归结为“泛福利化”?

虽然从财政支出角度看,“泛福利化”说似乎有据,但一有资金压力就向民众伸手如果成为惯性,就可能在政府的民生投入义务与实际需求间,制造出不应有的隔离带;就可能无法切中社会保障领域存在的积弊,其结果是无法在政策准备与民意预期间达成平衡,难以凝聚应有的改革共识,推动社保领域深化改革。

实质上,此前延长社保最低缴费年限、研究职工医保退休人员继续缴费遭到民意反弹,就昭示出这类关切民生权益话题上“有问题先打个人主意”的舆情风向。

无论养老金、职工医保还是居民医保,其实首先要解决的是机制运行中的存量问题,而不是想方设法从民众那里寻求增量资金。以居民医保为例,一方面,目前9000多亿元结余并未得到有效使用,许多居民医保基金仍是“沉睡”资金,通过有效配置强化这部分资金的保值增值功能,比调升个人缴费比例更有可操作性。另一方面,从总量支出看,医保资金的财政支出压力,很大程度上是医保控费不力、医疗资源过多为特殊群体占用造成的。改被动式医保控费为主动式控费,改变医疗体系过度医疗、以药养医弊端,将稀缺医保资源更公平地分配给不同群体,比调升居民医保个人缴费标准更有效也更有说服力。

说到底,“泛福利化”论化解不了医保支出压力,正视自身的改革命题,才是让医保走出困境的根本所在。

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