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人民币“高升”的弹性从哪儿来

2017-09-05 07:42:08   中国经济网

如果说5月底开始人民币的反弹让市场稍显亢奋,那么8月人民币的飙升则让市场有些紧张。昨日在岸人民币兑美元触及6.52关口,刷新一年来新高,日内大涨逾400点。

这场突如其来的“人民币汇率狂飙”背后,主要原因是美元跌了。过去数周,多种国际货币均对美元出现了强劲涨幅。

市场情绪转换的微妙关口,对美国经济回升和美元升值预期开始有了变化。市场中对于特朗普经济政策内部矛盾的担忧,对美联储暂缓加息步伐的担忧,乃至对欧洲经济动荡的担忧同时发酵,特朗普改革受阻、“通俄门”发酵、欧元走强等一系列因素导致美元陷入疲软。除了美元疲软的短期因素外,在岸、离岸人民币不断创年内新高,长期因素还有人民币中间价形成机制引入“逆周期因子”,保证了人民币汇率有效调节。

在这一轮波动中,人民币似乎从绳子变成了橡皮筋,有了更多弹性。相比2016年初频频对投机资本发出警告,2017年的中国央行对市场波动变得较为低调,这意味着央行“参考一篮子货币”的汇率管理政策开始发挥稳定市场的效力。

当通过规则即可稳定市场预期时,央行自然无需通过亲自发声来“管理预期”。“参考一篮子货币”定价规则赋予了人民币跟随美元大幅波动的制度基础,但监管部门对于“参考一篮子货币”究竟能在多大程度上决定人民币中间价的波动仍存影响力。

由于汇率代表一国货币的对外“基准价格”,一旦汇率波动过大,从贸易制造到金融房地产等实体产业部门,都面临着一系列的“重新定价”,对企业的长期规划和发展极为不利。汇改第一年,央行需要考虑各方面的承受能力。一年后,观察到汇率升值已在各方承受范围之内,且贸易顺差持续增加、问题仍未解决,自然开始推动升值的速度。

“8·11”汇改之后,人民币贬值预期的急剧上升曾加剧了资本外流。当前政府和央行对资本外流和外逃的控制取得明显成效,我国国际收支形势明显好转,外汇储备开始回升。同时,中国国际收支结构和海外资产负债结构也有所改善。

经济基本面表现稳健、中美利差提供了相对较厚的“安全垫”、监管层释放明显的引导汇率双向波动信号的大背景下,为我国完成“8·11汇改”未完成的目标提供了有利的机会窗口。

汇率改革的最终目标是实现汇率的自由浮动。从官定中间价到市场收盘价,从对标“一对一汇率”到引入“一篮子货币”,从在岸价格调控到离岸价格博弈,中国在人民币汇率价格形成机制方面不断进取。没有“庄家”能够主导的跨境资本市场,将是人民币汇率寻找市场弹性最终的舞台。

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