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【数读】
学生选科高校选人 新高考影响几何
●给予学生更多选择机会 ●引导高中文理不分科●赋予高校选考科目更大包容性 ●对高校教学针对性提出更高要求
作者:刘清华(南开大学周恩来政府管理学院副教授)
2014年《国务院关于深化考试招生制度改革的实施意见》规定,3个“计入总成绩的高中学业水平考试科目,由考生根据报考高校要求和自身特长,在思想政治、历史、地理、物理、化学、生物等科目中自主选择。”这表明,学生选择选考科目必须“根据报考高校要求”。而无论是浙江高考选考科目“7选3”的35个科目组合,还是上海选考科目“6选3”的20个组合,都反映出新高考改革的最大特点是学生对高考科目的选择性。
从上海和浙江两地的高考实施方案中可见,报考要求被细化为高校“分学科大类自主提出选考科目范围,但最多不超过3门。学生满足其中任何1门,即符合报考条件。对于没有提出选考科目要求的高等学校,学生在报考该校时无科目限制。”
该项政策究竟对高校和高中的教育教学带来了哪些影响?
1.报考要求体现三相同要点
2017年全国在浙江招生的高校约1360所,公布的选科范围涵盖专业2.37万余个,有500所高校没有提出选考科目要求,而所有高校中没有设置选科范围的专业占54%,多为文理兼招或文科类专业。在设置了选科范围的高校专业中,设限选1门的占5%,2门的占8%,3门的占33%。2018年拟在浙江招生的全国高校,公布的选考科目范围涵盖2.49万个专业(类),不限选考科目的占55.9%,设限选考科目的占44.1%。选考范围为1门的占4.9%,2门的占8.2%,3门的占30.9%。对比2017的要求,目前仅有部分高校在选考科目范围上有细微调整。比如,北京大学,“电子信息类”中增加了“技术”选考科目,环境科学类中增加了“化学”选考科目。中国人民大学2018年国际政治类、信息资源管理类的选考科目要求改为“不限”,新增的“政治学、经济学与哲学实验班”、设计学类,其选考要求也是“不限”。浙江大学人文科学试验班2017年选考科目为历史、思想政治、地理,2018年选考科目要求改为“不限”;科技与创意设计试验班2017年选考科目为物理、技术,2018年选考科目要求改为物理,等等。总体上看,2018年的少数高校专业在选考科目要求上略有调整,但与2017年公布的相关选科比例基本一致。每年细微调整选考要求,估计会是高校的新常态。
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