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敦刻尔克大撤退,法军遭英军欺骗
魏云峰
由英国导演诺兰执导的大片《敦刻尔克》正在全球热映,不过这部描绘二战英法联军从法国敦刻尔克海滩撤退的影片,却在法国引起巨大争议。法国《世界报》批评说:“在这部电影里,那些同样被撤离的法军士兵在哪里?4万牺牲自己、掩护大部队撤退的法军士兵又在哪里?”那么在真正的历史里,敦刻尔克大撤退中的法军究竟遭遇了什么?
二战爆发后,德军凭借闪电战的威力横扫欧洲大陆。1940年5月下旬,英国远征军主力与法军一部被德军分割包围在法国北部的狭小地域。新上任的法军总司令魏刚此时依旧希望重新组织英法联军依托港口固守,但英军的态度却动摇了起来——继续坚守,意味着英国陆军最精锐的9个师有可能在欧洲大陆全军覆灭。5月21日,英法联军在包围圈南部的阿拉斯进行了最后一次突围尝试。但士气崩溃的法军根本组织不起像样的攻势,突围毫无希望。绝望的英国人意识到,“该考虑其他退路了”。
从当时的战场情况而言,这个决定或许没什么问题,但英军没有把撤退计划透露给盟友。5月22日晚,英军主动放弃阿拉斯,开始向敦刻尔克海滩撤离。同一天,英国海军将从敦刻尔克撤离的计划正式命名为“发电机行动”。可此时法军依旧在第一线抵御着德军攻击,没有任何后撤准备。英军突然的撤退使法军两翼都暴露在德军攻击之下,猝不及防的法军被迫放弃阵地跟着跑路。更糟糕的是,法军士兵根本不知道英军撤退计划,只能盲目地不断后撤,队伍溃不成军。以魏刚为首的法军高层见此惨状,简直气得说不出话来。
战场的突然崩溃也让英军始料未及,牺牲盟友换取撤退时间的计划反而弄巧成拙。当时英国政府悲观地认为,以德军的进军速度,敦刻尔克的英军只剩两天时间可供撤离,大概只能撤出4.5万士兵。英军上将布鲁克哀叹:“只有奇迹才能挽救英国远征军”。
但这个奇迹就真的出现了——5月24日,德军前锋的装甲部队突然莫名其妙地在敦刻尔克以西不足20公里的地方停止了攻势。这给予混乱的英法联军千载难寻的喘息机会——还保存有战斗力的部队被重新部署到前线,残破的法军第一集团军奉命死守里尔,硬生生地将德军攻击主力拖到了5月31日。而这些部队的牺牲,换取到了宝贵的撤退时间。从5月26日开始的“发电机行动”,正源源不断地将包围圈里的英法联军从敦刻尔克运回英国本土。
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