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“黑钱”流入银行,印度“废钞令”惨败?

2017-09-01 08:26:13   中国青年网

■本报记者 安峥

据英国广播公司(BBC)报道,印度央行日前发布的年报显示,总理莫迪去年推出、旨在清除“黑色经济”的货币改革并没有起到多大作用。印度经济分析师维韦克·考尔指出,“废钞”运动遭遇空前失败。

去年11月8日,莫迪政府宣布终止1000卢比和500卢比两种大面值钞票的流通,总价值约15.44万亿卢比。莫迪说,这个决定是针对假币、“黑钱”泛滥,并打击腐败。当天午夜,消息发布几小时后,500卢比和1000卢比的纸币便“一文不值”。这些纸币的持有者必须将它们存入银行账户。存款随后可以被取出,但银行对取现数额有一定限制。

政府原本的“算盘”是,以现金形式持有的“黑钱”不会被人们存入银行,因为持有者往往不想抛头露面被人认出——在这个过程中,大量的非法资金便会沦为废纸。然而,印度储备银行(RBI)的报告却讲述了一个完全不同的故事。

报告显示,截至今年6月30日,存入银行的“废钞”总价值约15.28万亿卢比。这意味着几乎99%的“废钞”都被存入了银行。也就是说,几乎所有以现金形式持有的“黑钱”都流入了银行,而不是像人们希望的那样被真正销毁。BBC评论称,传统的解释是,大多数“黑钱”持有者委托其他人帮忙去银行存了钱。也就是说,这些“黑钱”非但没有按设想被作废,反而流入银行,参与以旧换新。

至于打击假币,RBI的年度报告显示,政府在这方面并无重大突破。在2016年4月至2017年3月间,被识别的假钞比例仅仅为0.02%。

BBC认为,由此可见,“废钞”运动在其两个主要目标(打击“黑钱”、打击假钞)上均告失败。

更可笑的是,在推行“废钞”运动前,印度政府并没有估算过市面上究竟有多少“黑钱”以现金形式持有。所得税部门进行的突击检查显示,人们以现金形式持有的“黑钱”比例可能仅为5%。

“废钞”运动给印度庞大的“现金经济”带来沉重打击。印度工人协会承认,“在非组织部门中,多达25万个单位关闭,房地产行业受到严重影响,大量工人失业。”在高度依赖现金运作的农业领域,农民们没法卖掉种植的蔬菜和豆类,一些地方政府还停止发放农业贷款。

BBC评论称,正如印度政府最近一次经济调查所指出的,在国际经济史上,印度“废钞”运动史无前例,因为它发生在经济政治条件相对正常健康的情况下,事前保密,突然实施。而其他国家的突然“废钞”几乎都发生在恶性通胀、战争、政治动荡等极端情况下。

尽管“废钞令”引发反对声音,但仍有一些分析人士认为,这项政策的确带来一些积极作用。比如,大量现金注入银行系统,促使贷款成本降低。

有分析指出,这像是印度的一场社会实验,让人联想起上世纪90年代的俄罗斯。印度经济会因此“休克”吗?权威机构纷纷作出减速0.7%到4%不等的预测。一名印度经济学家比喻道,“这就如同朝着高速行驶汽车的轮胎开了一枪”。

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