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网上法庭·电子诉讼·公平正义

2017-08-30 04:26:28   中国青年网

□ 王玲芳

为推进纠纷线上审判为目的的电子诉讼,区别于法院为审判质效评估和案件管理而进行的内部信息化建设,通常涉及到电子起诉、电子证据、电子交往及网上法庭审案等诉讼程序。今年6月26日,中央全面深化改革领导小组会议审议通过《关于设立杭州互联网法院的方案》为网上法庭电子诉讼提供了顶层设计的政策依据。8月18日,杭州互联网法院正式揭牌成立,实现起诉、立案、送达、举证、开庭、裁判等所有审判环节全流程在线诉讼。同时,为破解诉讼主体身份确认难、当事人在线质证难、在线行为控制难等网络审判难题,杭州互联网法院出台了《诉讼平台审理规程》《当事人权利义务告知书》《网上庭审提纲》《网上庭审规范》,形成了一套以诉讼平台操作规程和网络视频庭审规范为中心的程序规则。前述规范性文件对电子诉讼中的一系列疑难问题作出了有益的探索,比如《诉讼平台审理规程》第三条,通过网络实名认证、人脸识别或法院线下认证等方式完成实名认证,明确了现有条件下确认当事人身份真实性的方法;第十四条,对于疑难复杂或其他不适合在诉讼平台审理的案件,转线下审理,初步明确了线上线下程序转换原则;《当事人权利义务告知书》对原告经传唤,未经法庭许可中途自行关闭庭审系统的,可以按撤诉处理,被告经传票传唤,未经法庭许可中途自行关闭庭审系统的,可以缺席判决,完善了网络司法缺席审判的制度。

目前,我国关于网上法庭的司法实践中,电子诉讼的推进仍面临诸多法律规定及制度构建上的困境:

第一,电子诉讼存在的法律适用难题。电子诉讼的实践整体上面临着法律适用难题,《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》第87条规定了电子送达,《最高人民法院关于适用〈中华人民共和国民事诉讼法〉的解释》第259条规定了视频庭审,此外,大量的电子法律交往的形式有待立法及司法的确认。基于地方各级人民法院自行制定的规范,效力层次较低,导致更具创新性的电子诉讼实践存在法律依据不足的难题。

第二,电子诉讼中的真实性判断难题。诉讼中,法院对当事人身份和证据真实性的认定是作出裁判的前提,目前在电子诉讼中存在下列真实性认定难题:一是诉讼参与人身份及电子证据的真实性难认定,相关真实性的认定直接影响法院裁判的公正性,在相关配套制度完善前,杭州互联网法院仍采用线上和线下相结合的方式来解决,较为务实;二是电子传输安全问题尚未解决,电子诉讼的高效性体现之一就是法院与当事人电子交往的便捷性,但前提仍是安全性,现有网上法庭对电子送达、电子递交和视频庭审的途径、方式及安全设置仍有待进一步探索总结;三是识别和遏制虚假诉讼尚未得到重视,基于电子诉讼便利性的特点,原告可以极小的支出获得诉讼利益,加之当事人身份、证据真实性难以判断都会变相鼓励虚假诉讼,因此有必要重视和规制电子诉讼中的虚假诉讼问题。

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