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《吴三桂全传》简评

2017-08-25 04:16:41   中国青年网

改革开放30多年来,历代人物传出版不可胜记。特别是清代人物,从皇帝到名臣、名将、名人,无不有传面世。最近,人民文学出版社出版的李治亭著的《吴三桂全传》就是其中的一种。该书以55万字的篇幅,生动而翔实地记述了明清之际著名人物吴三桂多变的一生。该书初版于1990年,由吉林文史出版社出版;其后,又由香港国文天地出版公司、中国言实、江苏教育,直至人民文学等出版社相继推出多个版本。一部学术著作,如此高频率地持续出版,这在学术界较为罕见,也反映了该书具有持久的学术生命力。

品读《全传》,深以为与一般传记大有不同。《全传》将准确的历史叙述与生动形象的文学描写融为一体,将史实的明辨与理性的哲学思辨相结合,能够让人领略到史学之美。其学术魅力和广受欢迎,皆根源于此。

《全传》坚持治史学术宗旨,凡事求真求实,如有事实不清或记载不同,必予考订。尽人皆知,吴三桂从降清到叛清,一直受到世人的斥责。《全传》既不骂他,也无意为其翻案,而是本着实事求是的精神,对官私史料,辨伪存真,厘清事实。如,吴三桂是什么地方的人?史书记载不一,有辽东、山海卫、铁岭、锦州、中后所等多种说法。作者皆不轻信,终于在档案中发现吴于顺治五年(1648年)奉命率兵西征前,曾上奏疏,请求朝廷保护他家在中后所的祖坟与多处庄园。由此断定吴为中后所人。吴三桂之生年,唯孙旭撰《平吴录》记为壬子年,即明万历四十年(1612年),它书不载。孤证不立,作者查考《清史稿》之吴传,记其卒年67岁,由此推算其生年与孙旭所记吻合。值得注意的是,《全传》还通过实地考察,获取新证,以解历史之迷。如,吴三桂死后,其尸骨是否“传示天下”?陈圆圆终归何处?300多年来,真相难寻。李治亭三下贵州,在岑巩县马家寨发现蛛丝马迹,推论吴、陈二人死后葬身于此,给大家了解这段历史提供了新的参考。

一部好的人物传记,不应只是停留在简单的记述事实上,更重要的是,要对人物的言与行给予深入解读,揭示其背后复杂的历史原因。这正是《全传》的学术追求:不囿于成说,对一些历史问题给予新的解析。以往人们都指责吴三桂为了一个女人(陈圆圆)而降清。书中指出,陈圆圆被劫,只是原因之一,并非是吴三桂降清的全部原因,其中也包括李自成的错误政策,这些因素综合起来,最终将吴推到了清朝一边。关于康熙撤藩的决策,学界一向完全肯定。《全传》认为,从当时形势分析,可有五种方案选择,但康熙急于求成,背弃已许下的承诺,三藩同撤,激变成乱。《全传》也着力揭示吴三桂本人的心态,将理性思辨贯彻到对每件事的分析之中,见解独到,新意迭出。

《全传》的语言文字,更见功夫:写人形神兼备,声情并茂;写场景,化平面为立体,变静态为动态,犹如身临其境。如,孤守宁远、血战关门、驰骋南疆……再现出一幕幕惊心动魄的历史故事。已故著名清史专家孙文良教授为《全传》初版写“序”时,提到他读此书的感受:“新颖,奇特,宛转起伏,有时像长江大河,奔腾澎湃;有时如涓涓细流,曼语轻声,不管读到哪里,都扣人心弦。”不仅如此,《全传》写尽吴三桂的人生历程,既有其扬名疆场的成功经历,也有其折节投降的错误选择,宛如一部人生教科书,读来发人深省。

(作者:孙守朋 单位:吉林师范大学历史学院)

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